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Biology Unit 2 > B2.2 + 3 Tissues, organs, organ systems and Photosynthesis > Flashcards

B2.2 + 3 Tissues, organs, organ systems and Photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of similar cells working together to perform a particular function

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2
Q

Name 3 types of tissue in mammals and their purposes.

A
  • Muscular tissue which contracts to move whatever it is attached to.
  • Glandular tissue which makes and secretes chemicals e.g enzymes and hormones
  • Epithelial tissue which covers parts of the body
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3
Q

What is the purpose of muscular tissue in the stomach?

A

Moves the stomach wall to churn up the food

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4
Q

What is the purpose of glandular tissue in the stomach?

A

Makes and secretes digestive juices and enzymes to digest the food

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5
Q

What is the purpose of epithelial tissue in the stomach?

A

Covers the outside + inside wall of the stomach, stops it digesting itself

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6
Q

What is digestion?

A

The breaking down of large insoluble molecules to smaller soluble ones to be absorbed in the bloodstream

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7
Q

What is an organ?

A

A group of different tissues working together to perform a particular function.

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8
Q

What happens in the mouth with digestion?

A
  • Food is cut into smaller pieces with teeth (larger surface area for enzymes to work on)
  • Amylase acid is produced here by salivary glands and begins to break down carbohydrates into glucose
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9
Q

Where is bile produced?

A

Livers

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10
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

Gall bladder

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11
Q

What are the two purposes of bile?

A
  • To emulsify fat for a bigger surface area for lipase to work on
  • To neutralise stomach acid so enzymes can work in the small intestine
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12
Q

What happens in the small intestine with digestion?

A
  • Finishing breaking down insoluble molecules to soluble molecules
  • Lipase enzymes break down lipids and amylase breaks starch down
  • All diffuses into the blood
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13
Q

What is happens in the oesophagus?

A

Muscles push down food into the stomach

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14
Q

What happens in the stomach with digestion?

A
  • Pepsin breaks protein down
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15
Q

What are the two purposes of stomach acid?

A
  • To protect against bacteria

- To create the right PH for pepsin

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16
Q

What is the purpose of the pancreas?

A

To produce enzymes for the small intestine (e.g insulin, lipase, amylase)

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17
Q

What happens in the large intestine with digestion?

A

Excess water is absorbed and faeces are created

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18
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A group of similar organs working together to perform a particular function.

19
Q

What are the function of glands in digestive system?

A

They produce digestive juices and enzymes

20
Q

What are the main organs of a plant? (3)

A
  • Stems
  • Roots
  • Leaves
21
Q

What are the main tissues of a plant and their functions? (3)

A
  • Epidermal tissue - covers the plant
  • Xylem and phloem tissue - transport water, mineral ions and sucrose around the plant
  • Mesophyll tissue - where photosynthesis in a plant occurs
22
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

carbon dioxide + water –light energy–> glucose + oxygen

23
Q

Where does carbon dioxide come from in the plant?

A

Diffuses into the leaf through the stomata

24
Q

Where does water come from in a plant?

A

From root hair cells, travelling up the xylem.

25
Q

What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

A

To absorb sunlight and use the energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose.

26
Q

What happens to the oxygen produced by photosynthesis?

A

It leaves the plant as a waste gas

27
Q

Name 3 limiting factors for photosynthesis.

A
  • Temperature
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Light intensity
28
Q

How does increasing light intensity/carbon dioxide affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A
  • As they increase, so does the rate of photosynthesis because light is a limiting factor.
  • At a certain temperature, a constant rate is reached as the other two factors become limiting factors.
29
Q

How does increasing temperature affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A
  • As temperature increases at first so does the rate of photosynthesis as more energy means more collisions between the particles meaning more reactions.
  • After the optimum temperature is reached (45 degrees c) increasing temperature becomes a limiting factor as it denatures the enzymes by changing their active site, so the rate of photosynthesis goes down.
30
Q
  • Name 5 uses of glucose in plants
A
  • Respiration
  • Making cell walls
  • Storage as starch
  • Storage as seeds
  • Protein synthesis
31
Q

How is glucose used for respiration?

A
  • Energy is released enabling them to convert the rest of the glucose into other useful substances.
  • Energy is also used to gather minerals from the soil (ATP for active transport)
32
Q

How is glucose used for protein synthesis?

A

Plants combine glucose and nitrate ions to make amino acids which are then made into proteins

33
Q

How is glucose used for storage as starch?

A
  • Plants convert glucose into starch for storage as starch is insoluble. Glucose is soluble and would draw lots of water into plant cells making them swell up.
  • Some plants store them in bulbs/tubers
  • Potato and parsnip plants store starch underground over the winter so new plants can grow from it in the spring.
34
Q

How is glucose used for storage as seeds?

A
  • Glucose is turned into lipids for storing in seeds and we can get cooking oil from them (e.g sunflower oil)
35
Q

How is glucose used for making cell walls?

A

Glucose is converted into cellulose for making strong cell walls

36
Q

How do farmers create ideal conditions for farming in greenhouses?

A
  • Greenhouses trap some of the earth’s heat, in winter a farmer might use a heater as well.
  • In summer, ventilation and shades can be used to cool things down.
  • Supplying light artificially so more photosynthesis takes place
  • Carbon dioxide levels are increased (e.g using a paraffin heater)
  • Adding fertilisers to provide all the minerals needed for a healthy growth
  • Keeping them enclosed makes it easier to keep them free from pests and disease
37
Q

What are nitrate ions used for in plants?

A

Building proteins and growth

38
Q

What are magnesium ions used for in plants?

A

Photosynthesis - chlorophyll contains it

39
Q

What are potassium ions used for in plants?

A

Respiration and photosynthesis

40
Q

What are phosphate ions used for in plants?

A

Respiration and growth

41
Q

How does the digestive system exchange materials with the environment?

A

By taking in nutrients and releasing substances (e.g bile)

42
Q

What is the purpose of organ systems in large multicellular organisms?

A

To transport and exchange materials

43
Q

What 3 environmental conditions affect photosynthesis?

A
  • Time of day
  • Season
  • Weather

Biology Unit 2 (5 decks)

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