B2.066 Intro to Oncology Nutrition Flashcards
carcinoma
most common type
arise from epithelial cells (internal or external)
lung, breast, colon
sarcoma
supporting tissues
bone, cartilage, fat, connective tissue, muscles
lymphoma
lymph nodes and immune system tissues
leukemia
immature blood cells that grow in the bone marrow and accumulate in bloodstream
what are the 4 types of cancer staging?
clinical
pathologic (only in surgical patients)
post therapy
restaging
what are some cancer treatment options?
surgery radiation chemo targeted therapy differentiating agents hormone therapy immunotherapy
primary surgery
cancer is found only in one part of body
likely to be entirely removed
radiation
one of most common
high energy radiation to destroy or damage cancer cells
chemo
used to shrink tumors and stop growth/spread
target cells at different phases of cell cycle
targeted therapy
block or turn off chemical signals change proteins stop making new blood vessels trigger immune system carry toxins to cancer cells
differentiating agents
act on cancer cells to make them mature into normal cells
hormone therapy
used to slow growth of breast, prostate, and uterine cancers which normally grow in response to natural sex hormones
immunotherapy
boost immune system or train immune system to attack cancer cells specifically
identify the mechanism of methotrexate
prevents cells from using folate to make DNA and RNA
slows proliferation of cancer cells
antimetabolite
list the hallmarks of cancer and associated drugs that target each hallmark
sustaining proliferative signaling- EGFR inhibitors
evading growth suppressors- CDK inhibitors
avoiding immune destruction- immune activating anti-CTLA4 MAb
enabling replicative immortality- telomerase inhibitors
tumor promoting inflammation- selective anti-inflamms
activating invasion/metastasis- inhibitors of HGF/c-Met
inducing angiogenesis- inhibitors of VEGF
genome instability and mutation- PARP inhibitors
resisting cell death- pro-apoptotic BH3 mimetics
deregulating cellular energetics- aerobic glycolysis inhibitors
sarcopenia
results from chronic inflammation associated with age
cachexia
results from inflammation associated with a primary disease
results of cachexia and sarcopenia
muscle atrophy and loss of muscle mass
disability
diminished quality of life
mortality
what are the stages of cachexia?
precachexia
cachexia
refractory cachexia (<3 mo expected survival)
distinguish precachexia from cachexia
pre: weight loss <5% anorexia and metabolic change cachexia: weight loss >5% or BMA <20 w >2% reduced food intake/ systemic inflammation
describe metabolic alterations that take place in cancer patients during tumor growth
- protein degradation stimulated in muscle
- circulation AA efflux
- liver increases gluconeogenesis
- tumor takes up glutamine and uses it for protein
same process from TAG breakdown in fats
tumor generates a lot of lactate from glucose utilization, lactate used for gluconeogenesis in liver
what are some organs other than muscle affected by cachexia
white adipose- wasting liver- acute phase response gut- malabsorption heart- cardiac dysfunction brown adipose- thermogenesis brain- anorexia
what are 3 supportive issues to consider with cachexia?
- ensuring sufficient energy and protein intake
- maintaining physical activity to maintain muscle mass
- reducing systemic inflammation
what % of cancers can be prevented?
50%