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CTB Block 2 > B2 W3 - Blood Vessel Histology (LT) > Flashcards

B2 W3 - Blood Vessel Histology (LT) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five types of blood vessels?

A

Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins.

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2
Q

What are the three layers of the blood vessel wall?

A

Tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia.

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3
Q

Which blood vessel only has one layer?

A

Capillaries.

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4
Q

What is the order of vessels that blood passes through after exiting the heart?

A

Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins.

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5
Q

What is the function of the tunica intima?

A

It is the inner lining of all blood vessels and consists of a single layer of endothelial cells supported by a basement membrane and connective and elastic tissue.

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6
Q

What is the function of the tunica media?

A

It contains smooth muscle with elastic tissue and is responsible for controlling the diameter of the blood vessel.

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7
Q

What is the function of the tunica adventitia?

A

It is a connective tissue layer with a significant collagen fiber network that provides support to the vessel.

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8
Q

What are the two types of arteries?

A

Elastic arteries and muscular arteries.

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9
Q

What is the function of elastic arteries?

A

They accommodate blood under medium to high pressures when the heart contracts and provide the driving force to maintain blood flow during diastole.

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10
Q

What is the function of muscular arteries?

A

They distribute blood to various parts of the body and control blood flow by contracting or relaxing.

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11
Q

What is the diameter range of elastic arteries?

A

10 to 30 mm.

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12
Q

What is the diameter range of muscular arteries?

A

1 to 5 mm.

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13
Q

What is an anastomosis?

A

A connection between two blood vessels that branch or diverge, providing collateral blood supply to a region.

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14
Q

What is the function of arterioles?

A

They deliver blood to the capillaries and control blood flow through capillary beds.

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15
Q

What is the diameter range of arterioles?

A

10 to 100 µm.

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16
Q

What is the resting tone of arterioles?

A

The partial contraction of smooth muscle cells in arterioles.

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17
Q

What is the only nerve supply to arterioles?

A

Sympathetic postsynaptic axons.

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18
Q

What neurotransmitter do sympathetic postsynaptic axons release?

A

Noradrenaline.

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19
Q

What causes vasoconstriction in arterioles?

A

Increasing the strength of nervous stimulation.

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20
Q

What causes vasodilation in arterioles?

A

Reducing the strength of nervous stimulation.

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21
Q

What is active vasodilation?

A

Vasodilation caused by the stimulation of ß adrenergic receptors on smooth muscle cells by adrenaline.

22
Q

What are metarterioles?

A

Vessels that connect arterioles to venules, allowing blood flow to bypass capillaries.

23
Q

What is the function of capillaries?

A

They connect arterioles to venules and allow rapid exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between blood and tissues.

24
Q

What are the three types of capillaries?

A

Continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoidal.

25
Q

Which type of capillary is the most permeable?

A

Sinusoidal capillaries.

26
Q

What are pericytes?

A

Supporting cells that surround capillaries and help with repair after injury.

27
Q

What are precapillary sphincters?

A

Muscular sphincters at the arteriolar-capillary junctions that control blood flow within the capillary bed.

28
Q

What are the functions of venules?

A

Collecting blood from capillary beds, exchanging large macromolecules and fluid, regulating capillary hydrostatic pressure, and facilitating leucocyte extravasation.

29
Q

What is leucocyte extravasation?

A

The migration of white blood cells from the bloodstream to interstitial tissues.

30
Q

What is the diameter range of venules?

A

10 µm to 1 mm.

31
Q

What are the two categories of veins?

A

Medium veins and large veins.

32
Q

What is the diameter range of medium veins?

A

0.2 to 5 mm.

33
Q

What is the diameter range of large veins?

A

5 to 25 mm.

34
Q

What is the function of valves in veins?

A

They prevent backflow of blood to the periphery.

35
Q

What are varicose veins?

A

Veins that have become twisted and bulgy due to malfunctioning valves, allowing backflow and pooling of blood.

36
Q

What is the main function of the vena cavae?

A

Transporting blood back to the heart.

37
Q

Why do veins need vasa vasorum?

A

The low venous PO₂ is insufficient to provide enough O₂ for metabolism of cells in the vessel walls by diffusion from the lumen.

38
Q

What structures create boundaries between the tunica intima, media, and adventitia?

A

The internal and external elastic lamina.

39
Q

What are vasa vasorum, and what is their function?

A

Vasa vasorum are small blood vessels located in the tunica adventitia of large blood vessels. They provide oxygen and nutrients to the outer wall of the vessel, which is necessary because these vessels are too thick for oxygen to diffuse from the lumen to the outer layers.

40
Q

What are nervi vasorum?

A

Nervi vasorum are postganglionic sympathetic nerves found in the walls of large arteries.

41
Q

Describe the process of atheroma formation.

A

Atheroma formation starts with damage to the endothelium of a blood vessel. This damage leads to the accumulation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in the tunica intima. The presence of LDL cholesterol triggers an inflammatory response, causing monocytes to move into the tunica intima and phagocytose the cholesterol. This process forms a fatty streak that can develop into an atheromatous plaque, which narrows the lumen of the blood vessel.

42
Q

What role do parasympathetic fibres play in blood vessel regulation?

A

Parasympathetic fibres are associated with blood vessels in certain organs, such as the salivary glands and gastrointestinal glands. They cause vasodilation by stimulating muscarinic receptors on smooth muscle cells.

43
Q

How do substances like amino acids, glucose, nucleosides, and purines move across continuous capillary walls?

A

They move across via carrier-mediated transport.

44
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

Pinocytosis is a process by which cells engulf fluids and small particles.

45
Q

Which type of capillary is the most common?

A

Continuous capillaries.

46
Q

Explain the key structural differences between fenestrated and sinusoid capillaries.

A

Fenestrated capillaries have pores in their endothelial cells that are covered by a membrane. Sinusoid capillaries have larger openings that are not covered by a membrane, and they also have an incomplete basement membrane.

47
Q

What can pass through the openings in sinusoid capillaries?

A

Red and white blood cells and proteins.

48
Q

What percentage of total blood volume resides in the systemic venous circulation at rest?

A

70-80%.

49
Q

How do venules regulate capillary hydrostatic pressure?

A

Dilation of venules decreases capillary pressure, while constriction of venules increases capillary pressure.

50
Q

What is a notable characteristic of the superficial veins of the legs?

A

They have a well-defined muscular wall, which may help them resist distension caused by gravity.

51
Q

Compare the tunica media in veins to that of arteries.

A

The tunica media in veins is poorly developed compared to arteries.

CTB Block 2 (19 decks)

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