B2 W2 - Pathophysiology of Respiratory Failure Flashcards
What does the oxygen cascade describe?
The oxygen cascade outlines the stages in which the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) decreases from the air we breathe to the mitochondria in our cells.
What is the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in dry air at sea level?
21.2 kilopascals (kPa).
What is the partial pressure of oxygen at the level of the mitochondria?
Between 0.5 to 3 kPa, varying with the tissue, individual cell and even region of the cell.
What are the key stages of the oxygen cascade?
Humidification of inspired air in the trachea and conducting airways.Alveolar gas exchange.Diffusion across the alveolar-capillary membrane.
How does humidification affect the partial pressure of inspired oxygen (PiO2)?
Inspired air is warmed to body temperature (37°C) and fully saturated with water vapour in the trachea, diluting the oxygen and reducing its partial pressure.
What is the equation for calculating PiO2 after humidification?
PiO2 = FiO2 (PB - PSVP water).FiO2 = fraction of inspired oxygen (0.21 for room air).PB = atmospheric pressure (kPa), which is dependent on altitude.PSVP water = saturated vapour pressure of water (kPa).
What is the approximate PiO2 after humidification?
19.95 kPa.
What two main factors determine the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveolus?
The amount of oxygen supplied to the alveolus by ventilation.The amount of oxygen diffusing into the bloodstream and removed by the pulmonary capillaries.
Why is the alveolar gas equation important in understanding the oxygen cascade?
It allows us to calculate the alveolar PO2, which cannot be measured directly, and helps us understand how changes in ventilation and inspired oxygen concentration affect alveolar PO2.
What is the alveolar gas equation?
PAO2 = PiO2 - (PaCO2 / R).PAO2 = alveolar partial pressure of oxygen.PiO2 = partial pressure of inspired oxygen (after humidification).PaCO2 = partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.R = respiratory exchange ratio or respiratory quotient (usually estimated at 0.8).
How does the alveolar gas equation relate to ventilation?
As ventilation increases, PaCO2 decreases, leading to an increase in PAO2. Conversely, decreased ventilation leads to increased PaCO2 and decreased PAO2.
What is the impact of increasing the fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2)?
It increases the alveolar partial pressure of oxygen more effectively than hyperventilation.
How does diffusion affect the oxygen cascade?
Oxygen diffuses across the alveolar-capillary membrane into the bloodstream, driven by the partial pressure difference between the alveolus and the capillary blood.
How does the diffusion of carbon dioxide compare to that of oxygen?
Carbon dioxide diffuses about 20 times faster than oxygen due to its higher solubility coefficient.
What are the implications of the difference in diffusion rates between oxygen and carbon dioxide?
Diseases affecting the diffusion barrier, like pulmonary fibrosis, impact oxygen diffusion more significantly than carbon dioxide diffusion.
What does it mean for gas exchange to be perfusion-limited?
Under normal conditions, oxygen diffusion is perfusion-limited because the PO2 in the alveolus and capillary blood reach equilibrium about a third of the way along the capillary. Therefore, increasing blood flow is the primary way to enhance oxygen transfer.
What conditions can make gas exchange diffusion-limited?
Thickening of the alveolar-capillary membrane.Strenuous exercise, which reduces capillary transit time.Increasing altitude, which lowers the alveolar PO2 due to lower atmospheric pressure.
What happens to inhaled gas in the trachea and conducting airways?
The gas is humidified: heated to body temperature (around 37°C) and fully saturated with water vapour.
How does humidification affect the partial pressure of oxygen?
The addition of water vapour dilutes the oxygen, thereby reducing its partial pressure.
What is the symbol for the partial pressure of inspired oxygen after humidification?
PiO2.
What is the equation for calculating PiO2?
PiO2 = FiO2 (PB - PSVP water)
What does FiO2 stand for, and what is its value in room air?
FiO2 stands for the fraction of inspired oxygen, which is the concentration of oxygen in the gas mixture. In room air, it is 0.21 (representing 21% oxygen).
Does FiO2 change with altitude?
No, FiO2 remains consistent irrespective of altitude.
What does PB stand for, and how does it relate to altitude?
PB represents atmospheric pressure, measured in kilopascals (kPa). Atmospheric pressure decreases as elevation above sea level increases.