B2 W1: Acid-Base Regulation Flashcards
What are the two main categories of acids produced in the body, and how are they excreted?
- Volatile acids, primarily from CO₂ production, are excreted by the lungs.
- Non-volatile (fixed or non-respiratory) acids are produced from other metabolic processes and excreted by the kidneys.
Why is the regulation of H⁺ concentration arguably more complex and tightly controlled than for other ions?
H⁺ ions are small and charged, so they can have profound effects on protein function throughout the body.
List the three main mechanisms for minimising pH changes in the body.
- Buffer systems provide rapid, chemical buffering.
- The Lungs rapidly adjust CO₂ excretion.
- The Kidneys slowly adjust H⁺ excretion and bicarbonate levels.
What is the function of a buffer?
A buffer reversibly binds H⁺ to minimise changes in pH.
What are the three main buffer systems in the body, and where do they primarily function?
- Bicarbonate (extracellular)
- Phosphate (intracellular and urine)
- Protein (mainly intracellular, example: haemoglobin in erythrocytes).
What makes the bicarbonate buffer system particularly important in acid-base balance?
It interacts with both the lungs, which control CO₂, and the kidneys, which control bicarbonate.
What is the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, and what does it tell us?
- pH = pK + log₁₀ ([HCO₃⁻]/[CO₂])
- It allows us to calculate pH based on bicarbonate and CO₂ concentrations.
- pH is the measure of acidity or alkalinity
- pK is the negative logarithm of the dissociation constant for carbonic acid (a constant value of 6.1)
- [HCO₃⁻] is the concentration of bicarbonate ions
- [CO₂] is the concentration of dissolved carbon dioxide
What is the typical ratio of bicarbonate to CO₂ in arterial blood?
20 : 1
Which organ provides a rapid response to acid-base changes, and how?
- The lungs
- By adjusting the ventilation rate to alter CO₂ elimination.
Which organ provides a slower response to acid-base changes, and how?
- The kidneys
- By adjusting bicarbonate production and H⁺ excretion in the urine.
What are the two possible causes for a decrease in pH (acidity)?
An increase in CO₂ or a decrease in bicarbonate.
What are the two possible causes for an increase in pH (alkalinity)?
An increase in bicarbonate or a decrease in CO₂.
What is the primary function of a buffer system?
To reversibly bind H⁺ ions, minimising changes in pH.
How do buffer systems respond to the addition or removal of H⁺ ions?
- If H⁺ is added, the buffer binds it, shifting the reaction equilibrium to the right.
- If H⁺ is removed, the buffer releases H⁺, shifting the equilibrium to the left.
Do buffer systems permanently remove H⁺ ions from the body?
- No, they only temporarily bind H⁺ to minimise fluctuations.
- They do not excrete H⁺ from the body.
What factors limit the effectiveness of a buffer system?
The amount of buffer present and the magnitude of the pH change
Where does the bicarbonate buffer system primarily function?
It is mainly an extracellular buffer system.
Briefly describe the components and equilibrium of the bicarbonate buffer system.
- It involves the reversible reaction between H⁺ and bicarbonate ions on one side and carbonic acid on the other.
- CO₂ + H₂O ⇌ H₂CO₃ ⇌ H⁺ + HCO₃⁻
- Carbonic acid is an intermediate that readily forms CO₂ and water.
What is the significance of the phosphate buffer system in terms of location?
It functions as a buffer system both intracellularly and in the urine.
How do the two forms of phosphate involved in buffering differ?
- One form has a single hydrogen ion bound (monoprotic), the other has two hydrogen ions bound (diprotic).
- This difference in hydrogen ion binding alters their charge.
Where are protein buffer systems primarily located, and what is an example?
- Mainly intracellular.
- Haemoglobin in red blood cells is an important example of a protein buffer system.
Which buffer system is considered the most crucial for acid-base balance, and why?
The bicarbonate buffer system is the most important because it interacts with both the lungs (which regulate CO₂) and the kidneys (which regulate bicarbonate).
Which buffer system is considered the most important extracellular buffer?
The bicarbonate buffer system
How does the bicarbonate buffer system interact with the kidneys and the lungs?
- The kidneys regulate the bicarbonate element
- The lungs control the carbon dioxide element