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KS4 biology paper 1 > B2 Organisation > Flashcards

B2 Organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

Active site

A

the site on an enzyme where the reactants bind

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2
Q

Amino acids

A

molecules made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen that are the building blocks of proteins

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3
Q

Amylase

A

enzyme that speeds up the digestion of starch into sugars

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4
Q

Bile

A

neutralises stomach acid to give a high pH for the enzymes from the pancreas and small intestine to work well. It is
not an enzyme

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5
Q

Carbohydrase

A

enzymes that speed up the breakdown of carbohydrates into simple sugars

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6
Q

Carbohydrate

A

molecules that contain only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They provide the energy for the metabolism and are
found in foods such as rice, potatoes, and bread

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7
Q

Catalyst

A

a substance that speeds up the rate of another reaction but is not used up or changed itself

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8
Q

Denatured

A

the breakdown of the molecular structure of a protein so it no longer functions

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9
Q

Differentiate

A

the process where cells become specialised for a particular function

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10
Q

Digestive system

A

organ system where food is digested and absorbed

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11
Q

Enzymes

A

biological catalysts, usually proteins

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12
Q

Fatty acids

A

part of the structure of a lipid molecule

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13
Q

Glycerol

A

part of the structure of a lipid molecule

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14
Q

Lipase

A

enzymes that speed up the breakdown of lipids into fatty acids and glycerol

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15
Q

Lipids

A

include fats and oils and are found in foods such as butter, olive oil, and crisps. They are made of carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen

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16
Q

Metabolism

A

the sum of all the reactions taking place in a cell or the body of an organism

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17
Q

Organ

A

an aggregation (collection ) of different tissues working together to carry out specific functions

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18
Q

Organ system

A

a group of organs that work together to carry out specific functions and form organisms

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19
Q

Proteases

A

enzymes that speed up the breakdown of proteins into amino acids

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20
Q

Proteins

A

molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen and are made of long chains of amino acids. They
are used for building the cells and tissues of the body and to form enzymes

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21
Q

Simple sugars

A

small carbohydrate units, for example glucose

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22
Q

Tissue

A

a group of specialised cells with a similar structure and function

23
Q

Aorta

A

the artery that leaves the heart from the left ventricle and carries oxygenated blood to the body

24
Q

Artery

A

blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. They usually carry oxygenated blood and have a pulse

25
Q

Atria/ Atrium

A

the upper chambers of the heart

26
Q

Capillaries

A

the smallest blood vessels. They run between individual cells and have a wall that is only one cell thick

27
Q

Coronary arteries

A

the blood vessels that supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle

28
Q

Double circulation system

A

the circulation of blood from the heart to the lungs is separate from the circulation of blood from the heart to the
rest of the body

29
Q

epidermal

A

the name given to cells that make up the epidermis or outer layer of an organism

30
Q

Guard cells

A

surround the stomata in the leaves of plants and control their opening and closing

31
Q

Haemoglobin

A

the red pigment that carries oxygen around the body in the red blood cells

32
Q

Palisade mesophyll

A

the upper layer of the mesophyll tissue in plant leaves made up of closely packed cells that contain many
chloroplasts for photosynthesis

33
Q

Phloem

A

the living transport tissue in plants that carries dissolved food (sugars) around the plant

34
Q

Plasma

A

the clear yellow-liquid part of the blood that carries dissolved substances and blood cells around the body

35
Q

Platelets

A

fragments of cells in the blood that play a vital role in the clotting mechanism of the blood

36
Q

Pulmonary artery

A

the large blood vessel that takes deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs

37
Q

Pulmonary vein

A

the large blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the left atrium of the heart

38
Q

Red blood cells

A

biconcave cells that contain the red pigment haemoglobin and carry oxygen around the body in the blood

39
Q

Spongy mesophyll

A

the lower layer of mesophyll tissue in plant leaves that contains some chloroplasts and many large air spaces to
give a big surface area for the exchange of gases

40
Q

Statins

A

drugs used to lower blood cholesterol levels and improve the balance of high- to low-density lipoproteins in the
blood

41
Q

Stents

A

a metal mesh placed in a blocked or partially blocked artery. They are used to open up the blood vessel by the
inflation of a tiny balloon

42
Q

Translocation

A

the movement of sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant through the phloem

43
Q

Transpiration

A

the loss of water vapour from the leaves of plants through the stomata when they are opened to allow gas
exchange for photosynthesis. It involves evaporation from the surface of the cells and diffusion through the
stomata

44
Q

Veins

A

blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. They usually carry deoxygenated blood and have valves to
prevent the backflow of blood

45
Q

Vena Cava

A

the large vein that brings deoxygenated blood from the body into the heart

46
Q

Ventricles

A

chambers of the heart that contract to force blood out of the heart

47
Q

White blood cells

A

blood cells involved in the immune system of the body. They engulf pathogens and make antibodies and antitoxins

48
Q

Xylem

A

the non-living transport tissue in plants that transports water from the roots to the leaves and shoots

49
Q

Tumours

A

A mass of cells that are dividing out of control

50
Q

Benign tumour

A

growths of abnormal cells that are contained in one area, usually within a membrane, and do not invade other
tissues

51
Q

Carcinogen

A

agents that cause cancer or significantly increase the risk of developing cancer

52
Q

Malignant tumours

A

invade neighbouring tissues and spread to different parts of the body in the blood where they form secondary
tumours. They are also known as cancers

53
Q

Coronary heart disease

A

A condition caused by the narrowing of the coronary artery

54
Q

Non- communicable disease

A

A disease which can not be spread.

KS4 biology paper 1 (4 decks)

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