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KS4 biology paper 1 > B1 Cells > Flashcards

B1 Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Active transport

A

the movement of substances from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution against a concentration gradient, requiring energy from respiration

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2
Q

Algae

A

simple aquatic organisms (protista) that make their own food by photosynthesis

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3
Q

Alveoli

A

tiny air sacs in the lungs that increase the surface area for gaseous exchange

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4
Q

Bacteria

A

single-celled prokaryotic organisms

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5
Q

Cell membrane

A

the membrane around the contents of a cell that controls what moves in and out of the cell

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6
Q

Cell wall

A

the rigid structure around plant and algal cells. It is made of cellulose and strengthens the cell

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7
Q

Cellulose

A

the complex carbohydrate that makes up plant and algal cell walls and gives them strength

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8
Q

Chlorophyll

A

the green pigment contained in the chloroplasts

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9
Q

Chloroplasts

A

the organelles in which photosynthesis takes place

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10
Q

Cytoplasm

A

the water-based gel in which the organelles of all living cells are suspended and most of the chemical reactions of life take place

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11
Q

diffusion

A

the spreading out of the particles of any substance in a solution, or particles in a gas, resulting in a net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration down a concentration gradient

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12
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

cells from eukaryotes that have a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and genetic material enclosed in a nucleus

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13
Q

hypertonic

A

a solution that is more concentrated than the cell contents

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14
Q

hypotonic

A

a solution that is less concentrated than the cell contents

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15
Q

isotonic

A

a solution that is the same concentration as the cell contents

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16
Q

mitochondria

A

the site of aerobic cellular respiration in a cell

17
Q

nucleus

A

organelle found in many living cells containing the genetic information surrounded by the nuclear membrane

18
Q

Osmosis

A

the diffusion of water through a partially permeable membrane from a dilute solution (which has a high
concentration of water) to a concentrated solution (with a low concentration of water|) down a concentration gradient

19
Q

partially permeable membrane

A

a membrane that allows only certain substances to pass through

20
Q

Permanent vacuole

A

space in the cytoplasm filled with cell sap

21
Q

Phloem

A

the living transport tissue in plants that carries dissolved food (sugars) around the plant

22
Q

Plasmolysis

A

the state of plant cells when so much water is lost from the cell by osmosis that the vacuole and cytoplasm shrink and the cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall

23
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

from prokaryotic organisms have a cytoplasm surrounded by a cell membrane, and a cell wall that does not contain cellulose. The genetic material is a DNA loop that is free in the cytoplasm and not enclosed by a nucleus. Sometimes there are one or more small rings of DNA called plasmids

24
Q

resolving power

A

a measure of the ability to distinguish between two separate points that are very close together

25
Q

ribosomes

A

the site of protein synthesis in a cell

26
Q

sperm

A

the male sex cells or gametes that carry the genetic material from the male parent

27
Q

stomata

A

openings in the leaves of plants, particularly on the underside and opened and closed by guard cells, allowing gases to enter and leave the leaf

28
Q

turgor

A

the pressure inside a plant cell exerted by the cell contents pressing on the cell wall

29
Q

xylem

A

the non-living transport tissue in plants that transports water from the roots to the leaves and shoots

30
Q

Adult stem cells

A

stem cells that are found in adults that can differentiate and form a limited number of cells

31
Q

Cell cycle

A

the three-stage process of cell division in a body cell that involves mitosis and results in the formation of two
identical daughter cells

32
Q

Cloning

A

the production of identical offspring by asexual reproduction

33
Q

Differentiate

A

the process where cells become specialised for a particular function

34
Q

Embryonic stem cells

A

stem cells from an early embryo that can differentiate to form the specialised cells of the body

35
Q

Mitosis

A

part of the cell cycle where one set of new chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell forming two identical
nuclei during cell division

36
Q

Stem cells

A

undifferentiated cells with the potential to form a wide variety of different cell types

37
Q

therapeutic cloning

A

a process where an embryo is produced that is genetically identical to the patient so the cells can then be used in
medical treatments

38
Q

Zygote

A

the single new cell formed by the fusion of gametes in sexual reproduction

KS4 biology paper 1 (4 decks)

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