B1 Cells Flashcards
Active transport
the movement of substances from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution against a concentration gradient, requiring energy from respiration
Algae
simple aquatic organisms (protista) that make their own food by photosynthesis
Alveoli
tiny air sacs in the lungs that increase the surface area for gaseous exchange
Bacteria
single-celled prokaryotic organisms
Cell membrane
the membrane around the contents of a cell that controls what moves in and out of the cell
Cell wall
the rigid structure around plant and algal cells. It is made of cellulose and strengthens the cell
Cellulose
the complex carbohydrate that makes up plant and algal cell walls and gives them strength
Chlorophyll
the green pigment contained in the chloroplasts
Chloroplasts
the organelles in which photosynthesis takes place
Cytoplasm
the water-based gel in which the organelles of all living cells are suspended and most of the chemical reactions of life take place
diffusion
the spreading out of the particles of any substance in a solution, or particles in a gas, resulting in a net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration down a concentration gradient
Eukaryotic cells
cells from eukaryotes that have a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and genetic material enclosed in a nucleus
hypertonic
a solution that is more concentrated than the cell contents
hypotonic
a solution that is less concentrated than the cell contents
isotonic
a solution that is the same concentration as the cell contents
mitochondria
the site of aerobic cellular respiration in a cell
nucleus
organelle found in many living cells containing the genetic information surrounded by the nuclear membrane
Osmosis
the diffusion of water through a partially permeable membrane from a dilute solution (which has a high
concentration of water) to a concentrated solution (with a low concentration of water|) down a concentration gradient
partially permeable membrane
a membrane that allows only certain substances to pass through
Permanent vacuole
space in the cytoplasm filled with cell sap
Phloem
the living transport tissue in plants that carries dissolved food (sugars) around the plant
Plasmolysis
the state of plant cells when so much water is lost from the cell by osmosis that the vacuole and cytoplasm shrink and the cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall
Prokaryotic cells
from prokaryotic organisms have a cytoplasm surrounded by a cell membrane, and a cell wall that does not contain cellulose. The genetic material is a DNA loop that is free in the cytoplasm and not enclosed by a nucleus. Sometimes there are one or more small rings of DNA called plasmids
resolving power
a measure of the ability to distinguish between two separate points that are very close together
ribosomes
the site of protein synthesis in a cell
sperm
the male sex cells or gametes that carry the genetic material from the male parent
stomata
openings in the leaves of plants, particularly on the underside and opened and closed by guard cells, allowing gases to enter and leave the leaf
turgor
the pressure inside a plant cell exerted by the cell contents pressing on the cell wall
xylem
the non-living transport tissue in plants that transports water from the roots to the leaves and shoots
Adult stem cells
stem cells that are found in adults that can differentiate and form a limited number of cells
Cell cycle
the three-stage process of cell division in a body cell that involves mitosis and results in the formation of two
identical daughter cells
Cloning
the production of identical offspring by asexual reproduction
Differentiate
the process where cells become specialised for a particular function
Embryonic stem cells
stem cells from an early embryo that can differentiate to form the specialised cells of the body
Mitosis
part of the cell cycle where one set of new chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell forming two identical
nuclei during cell division
Stem cells
undifferentiated cells with the potential to form a wide variety of different cell types
therapeutic cloning
a process where an embryo is produced that is genetically identical to the patient so the cells can then be used in
medical treatments
Zygote
the single new cell formed by the fusion of gametes in sexual reproduction
