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Animal Breeding B > B2: Main reproduction of features of cattle, and most important bovine genetic diseases > Flashcards

B2: Main reproduction of features of cattle, and most important bovine genetic diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What are the reproduction traits?

A

Dairy production,
Beef production,
Maternal effects,
BVE,
Prolificacy genes
Puberty

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2
Q

What are the reproduction traits in dairy production?

A

Calving is prerequisite.
Major role of bovine placental lactogene (pBL) in
mammogenesis & milk production.

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3
Q

What are the reproduction traits of beef production?

A

More meat by more calvings.
Increased economy.

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4
Q

the reproduction traits: maternal effects?

A

Increase number of offspring & genetic pool of dam

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5
Q

the reproduction traits: BVE

A

Breeding Value Estimation
Progeny testing: Increases effectiveness of selection from maternal lines as well

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6
Q

What are the reproduction traits of prolificacy genes

A

Great importance (increase granulose cell function, steroid biosynthesis, multiple ovulations, ovulation rate)

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7
Q

What are the reproduction traits in puberty

A

occurs around ~8 (12-16) months

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8
Q

When does the first breeding usually occur?

A

around 15 months oe when the animal has reached 75% of adult body mass.

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9
Q

when does first calving occur?

A

at 2 - 3 years.
depends on breed.

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10
Q

What are the General reproductive features of dam?

A
  • Uniparous (single offspring at brith)
  • Low reproductive potential
  • Long puberty
  • Long gestation
  • No seasonality -> Continuous polyoestrus
  • Continuous breeding
  • Frequent embryonic losses
  • Low twinning rate (up to 5%)
  • Freemartinism in twins of different sex (>90%)
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11
Q

what is the length of ovarian cycle in a cow

A

20-21 days
Biphasic – luteal & follicular period

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12
Q

how long is the heat duration of a cow?

A

24 - 48 hours

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13
Q

what are the signs of oestrus in a cow?

A

Mucous discharge
Hyperaemic, swollen genitalia
Standing heat by teasing
Bulling – mounting of other females

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14
Q

When does ovulation occur?
number of eggs?

A

Spontaneous ovulation
10-14 hours after finishing clinical heat
Number of ovulated eggs does note exceed 2
Mature follicles are small but palpable (diameter 2-2.5cm)

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15
Q

When does first heat after calving occur?

A

occurs 15 days post-partum & is often silent

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16
Q

Mention some ovulatory disorders

A
  • Anovulatory cycles – Only follicular period occurs
  • Delayed ovulation
  • Persistent atresia of follicles
  • Cystic ovaraies
  • Longer/shortened cycles
  • Corpus luteum persistens (CLP – moderate sign of sterility causing anoestrus): Heat is inducible in cows with CLP by PGF2α.
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17
Q

mention some heat detection methods

A

Observation of behaviour & clinical signs
Tail chalking
Computer watch system
Foot tags
Rectal palpation
Ultrasound

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18
Q

what is the gestation length of a cow?

A

(278-287) days

19
Q

what hormones are important for the maintenance of gestation?

A

1) bPL hormone (placental lactogenic hormone)
2) Progesterone (in CL graviditatis)
3) Placental oestrogens

20
Q

where does fertilisation occur?

A

Occurs in fallopian tube. Migration to uterus @ day 4-5

21
Q

when does implantation occur?

A

Innesting of blastocyst @ day 21

22
Q

what is the length of the lactation period

A

approx. 300 days

23
Q

how long is the dry period of a cow?
what is its function?

A

approx. 2 months,
Needed for udder regeneration & preparation for new lactation.

24
Q

when is twinning desired?

A

in beef cattle production

25
Q

what detects factors responsible for twinning?

A

o Selective breeding (selection of twinning ability)
o Marker assisted selection (molecular) = Detects factors responsible for twin ovulations.

26
Q

what are the drawbacks of twinning?

A

o 1° chimerism (freemartinism)
o Dystocia
o High perinatal calf losses
o Retained placenta
o Subinvolution of uterus
o Prolonged service period
o Delayed rebreeding

27
Q

What environmental factors can effect reproduction?

A
  • Feed
  • Condition
  • Climate – Sensitivity to heat stress
  • Hormonal factors – Excellent response to hormonal treatment (e.g. induction of ovulation & oestrus cycle)
28
Q

Parameters used to evaluate reproductive performance:
* Age at 1st calving?
* Insemination index? (avg no. of inseminations).
* Non-return rate (result of 1st insemination)?
* Calving interval?
* 1st fertile heat post-parturition?
* Service period?
* Pregnancy rate (PR %) & calving rate?
* Sterility & selection, culling rate?
* Embryonic & perinatal mortality?
* Lactation period?
* Dry period?

A
  • Age at 1st calving: ~2 yrs
  • Insemination index (ave no of inseminations): <1.4 is optimal
  • Non-return rate (result of 1st insemination): <60% is excellent.
  • Calving interval: 360-380 days, May be up to 400 in high yielding cows.
  • 1st fertile heat post-parturition: 12- 15 days.
  • Service period (period from 1st service to successful conception): <60 days is desired.
  • Pregnancy rate (PR %) & calving rate: >95%
  • Sterility & selection, culling rate: <10%
  • Embryonic & perinatal mortality: Should remain <5-10%.
  • Lactation period; 300 days
  • Dry period: 60 days
29
Q

What are the most important Immunodeficiency-related bovine genetic diseases?

A

RECESSIVE:
* BLAD (bovine lymphocyte adhesion deficiency)
* Chediak-Higashi syndrome

30
Q

What are the most important blood circulation / haemostasis-related bovine genetic diseases?

A
  • Hyperbilirubinaemia (dom)
  • Protoporphyria (congenital, rare, Auto rec)
  • Platelet bleeding disorder
  • Haemophilia B (factor IX deficiency) (rec sex-linked on X Chromosome)
31
Q

What are the most important metabolic-related bovine genetic diseases?

A
  • Lipofuscinosis
  • Gangliosidosis
  • Mucopolysaccharidosis I
  • Pompe disease –> auto rec
  • Mannosidosis α & β
  • Citrullinaemia –> auto rec
  • DUMPS (deficiency of uridine monophosphate synthase) –> auto rec.
  • Ahorn-syrup-urine disease
32
Q

What are the most important muscular-related bovine genetic diseases?

A
  • Muscular hypertrophy (double muscling) ! Breed trait in Belgian blue –> incomp auto dominant.
  • Hypo- & dysmyelinisations (lameness of calves)
  • Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) –> auto rec
  • Posterior paraplegia
  • Lethal spastic paresis
  • Weaver syndrome –> autosomal recessive
33
Q

What are the most important skeletal-related bovine genetic diseases?

A
  • Chondrodysplasia –> bulldog calf syndrome (dom)
  • Complex vertebral malformation
  • Dwarfism (proportional, STH-receptor mutation) –> auto rec.
  • Syndactylia ! Fusion of digits
  • Arthrogiposis
  • Apodia (lack of homeobox proteins, homeosis)
34
Q

What are the most important atresia/ agenesia-related bovine genetic diseases?

A
  • Atresia coli –> auto rec
  • Kidney dysplasia
  • Nephritis
35
Q

What are the most important intersexes-related bovine genetic diseases?

A
  • XY females
  • Tfm (testicular feminisation) syndrome = Lack of androgenic receptors
  • Testicular, ovarian & uterine hypoplasia
36
Q

What are the most important endocrine-related bovine genetic diseases?

A

Goiter in Afrikaner cattle

37
Q

What are the most important skin and coat-related bovine genetic diseases?

A
  • Albinism
  • Dermatospraxis (cutaneous asthenia)
  • Epitheliogenesis imperfecter
  • Hypotrichosis
  • Oligodontia
  • Parakeratosis
38
Q

What genetic diseases are common in the holstein breed?

A

DUMPS,
Complex Vertebral Malformation,
Factor IX haemophilia,
hypertrichosis,
oligodontia

39
Q

What genetic diseases are common in the simmental breed?

A

platelet bleedng disorder

40
Q

What genetic diseases are common in the limousine breed?

A

protoporphyria

41
Q

What genetic diseases are common in the brown swiss breed?

A

weaver syndrome,
albinism

42
Q

What genetic diseases are common in the dexter breed?

A

dwarfism

43
Q

What genetic diseases are common in the brahma breed?

A

pompe disease

Animal Breeding B (20 decks)

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