B13: Elements of beef cattle breeding technologies Flashcards
What is veal?
meat of young calves
What is bob veal?
calves culled a few days aftre brith
what id formula / milk fed veal?
white veal production.
Animals marketed ~18-20 weeks
what is red / grain fed veal?
animals marketed around 22-26 weeks @ ~ 300 kg
what is organic beef?
Organic beef: Produced without hormones, pesticides & other chemicals
At what age are cattle usually slaughtered for beef production?
in ireland, slaughter before 16 months just for bull beef.
suckler cows: weaning btw 6 - 8 months of spring born calves.
full carcass size: 24 - 30 months for bull or heifer - 700kg heifer.
penalties if over 30 months.
butcher heifer beef: 12 - 18 months (want smaller heifers approx. 450kg live weight).
what is beef?
meat of bovines
What facilities are vital for beef operations?
- Facilities for beef operations will vary from fencing to barns, sheds or shelters.
◦ Any operation should have some type of handling system that allows a producer to easily catch
and restrain an animal for routine health care procedures.
*Crush + pen needed for handling / vaccinating / tagging.
what type of housing is used for beef production?
ireland: straw-based bed or slatted shed in winter (can contain portable feeders).
out on grass/pasture in summer.
America: large feedlots
what are vaccines?
Used against bacterial and viral diseases is prophylactic and must be administered before the animal is exposed to the pathogen
What vaccines are most commonly used in bovine operations?
Bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) -> where modified-live virus or killed/ inactivated virus vaccine can be given for the IBR.
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1),
Why are antibiotics used?
therapeutic: to treat infection.
- Sub-therapeutic use involves low-dose levels generally included in the feed or water. In this application, antibiotics are utilized to increase growth rate and improve feed efficiency
(Elam and Preston 2004).
◦ The growth-promoting mechanism of sub-therapeutic antibiotics occurs through manipulation of the microorganism in the rumen.
growth promoting ABs are forbidden in the EU.
What are the calving difficulty scores?
1) No difficulty/ no assistance required.
2) Minor difficulty - assistance of 1 eprson required.
3) major difficulty - mechanical assistance required.
4) C-section or surgery
5) abnormal presentation.
Which beef cattle breeds experience very easy calving? (see table in notes)
hungarian grey
aberdeen angus
Which beef cattle breeds experience easy calving? (see table in notes)
galloway
hereford
red lincoln
Which beef cattle breeds experience medium calving? (see table in notes)
hungarian spotted
swiss brown
limousin
Which beef cattle breeds experience medium (difficult in heifers) calving? (see table in notes)
blonde d’aquitaine
charolais
Which beef cattle breeds experience difficult calving? (see table in notes)
belgian blue -> usually a section
What is Marker Assisted Selection used for? (MAS)
- Genetic prediction
- Gene transfer
- Sex control – male beneficial
- Systemic crossbreeding and composites
- Animal identification (DNA and biometric methods)
- In vitro fertilization and embryo transfer
- Marker-assisted mating
- Ultrasound
- Multibreed evaluation
- Selection indexes
- Artificial insemination – it is effective and decreases the generation interval; Increase the fertilization rate.
What is grazing and when does it begin?
Begins at the end of April.
Grass may require irrigation.
Grass is eaten down and then given time to recover.
Animals let out to pasture.
free grazing, discontinuous, portioned, strip grazing, zero grazing.
feedlots in America with 1000s of animals.
where do animals live in winter?
around end of september animals enter barn.
Separated pens must contain drainage route, solid pavement, fixed fence, hay grid, drinkers, wind shields.
Large barn: cubicle for animal to lie, slatted floor.
methods of reproduction techniques in beef cattle
AI
MOET
cloning
