B2 - Keeping Healthy notes

Question 1

What is a communicable disease?

Answer 1

is a disease that can be spread between organisms. They are caused by pathogens infecting the organism

Question 2

What are non-communicable diseases?

Answer 2

cannot be passed from one organism to another =. They are associated with genetic mutations, lifestyle, and environmental factors

Question 3

What are the 4 pathogens?

Answer 3

Bacteria, viruses, protists, and fungi

Question 4

ways pathogens can be spreaded

Answer 4

Water, air, on surfaces, body fluids, animal vectors, soil and food.

Question 5

3 defences the human carries

Answer 5

Physical, chemical, and mircrobial

Question 6

Physical defence

Answer 6

respiratory tract is lined with mucus and cilia
Skin acts as a barrier
Platelets blood clot wounds to prevent micro from entering and loss of too much blood.

Question 7

Chemical defense

Answer 7

Eyes produce an enzyme called lysozyme which breaks bacteria on the surface of the eye
Saliva contains molecules which kill pathogens that enter the mouth
Stomach produces hydrochloric acid

Question 8

Microbial

Answer 8

if the pathogens make it to the gut, they have to compete with the bacteria which naturally live in the gut to survive

Question 9

every cell has molecules on its surface called antigens

Answer 9

each antigen is unique to the specific to the cell type they are found on. white blood cells have receptors in their membrane which help them identify pathogens

Question 10

White blood cell phagocytes

Answer 10

have a flexible membrane and contain a lot of enzymes. This enables them to engulf foreign cells and digest them.

Question 11

White blood cells
producing antibodies

Question 12

white blood cells
producing antitoxins

Answer 12

some pathogens produce toxins. some white blood cells also produce antitoxins which counteract these toxins.

Question 13

Measures to prevent spread of disease

Answer 13

Hygiene, sanitary conditions, destroying infected animals, vaccination, isolating infected individuals, protection 😏

Question 14

Measures to prevent spreading in plants

Answer 14

Destroying infected plants, using healthy seeds and plants, crop rotation, polyculture, chemical control

Question 15

vaccination can stop you from getting infections

Answer 15

involves injecting dead, inactive, or weakened pathogens into the body. They carry antigens, so they’ll trigger an immune response, and ur WB will produce antibodies

Question 16

Pros of vaccination

Answer 16

Helps control a lot of communicable diseases

Question 17

Cons of vaccination

Answer 17

Don’t always work
You could get a bad reaction to it
Can be expensive

Question 18

Culturing Microorganisms

Answer 18

the culture medium (vitamins/minerals needed for microorganisms to grow) can be agar jelly.
Hot agar jelly is poured in a Petri dish

Question 19

antibiotics on bacterial growth (testing)

Answer 19

place paper disks soaked in different concentrations/types of antibiotics. Use a control disk // soak in sterile water
The larger the clear zone around the antibiotic, the more effective

Question 20

Aseptic techniques

Answer 20

petri dishes and culture medium must be sterilised before use e.g by heating to kill any unwanted microorganisms
inoculating loop used to transfer bacteria to dish must be sterilised
taped lightly to stop air microorganisms from getting in

Question 21

calculating and comparing clear zones of antibiotics

Answer 21

use piRsquared

Question 22

risk factors in non-communicable disease

Answer 22

lifestyle, environment, genes

Question 23

lifestyle factors

Answer 23

exercise and diet

Question 24

alcohol and smoking on non-communicable disease

Answer 24

alcohol = can cause many cancers and increased blood pressure
smoking = cancers, cvd, lung disease

Question 25

lifestyle factor trends

Answer 25

global = lack of exercise//higher alcohol consumption linked with higher income. smoking more common in poorer countries`

Question 26

effect of exercise on pulse rate

Answer 26

when excising more energy is needed by your muscles to contract more. so rate of respiration increases so you need more oxygen to ur cells. ur heart rate increases to speed up the delivery of oxygenated blood to the muscles

Question 27

antibiotics

Answer 27

chemicals which kill bacteria without killing your own body cells. e.g penicillin
antivirals are used to treat viral infections

Question 28

overuse of antibiotics

Answer 28

resistant strains of bacteria developed due to people not completing the full antibiotic course hence doctors only prescribe antibiotics if they are really needed

Question 29

cardiovascular disease

Answer 29

high blood pressure and LDL cholesterol can lead up to the build up of fatty deposits in arteries, narrowing them down. forms atheroma. cvd is when there is a lot of atheroma in arteries

Question 30

healthy lifestyle to treat CVD

Answer 30

healthy lifestyle: diet, reducing stress, exercise, no smoking

Question 31

medicine to treat CVD

Answer 31

Statins reduce the amount of cholesterol in the blood stream, which can slow down the rate of fatty deposits forming, can cause liver/kidney failure Anticoagulants are drugs which make blood clots less likely to form but can cause excessive bleeding if person hurts

Question 32

Surgical procedures to treat CVD

Answer 32

stents are tubes that are inserted inside arteries, keeping them open so blood can pass through the cardiac muscle
donor heart; but immune system may reject and regard as “foreign”