B1 - You and Your genes notes

Question 1

Eukaryotic cells

Answer 1

• subcellular structures
• nucleus contains genetic material arranged in chromosomes
• mitochondria contains enzymes

Question 2

Eukaryotic plant cell

Answer 2

• Rigid cell wall made of cellulose
• large vacuole that contains cell sap
• Chloroplasts where photosynthesis occurs

Question 3

Prokaryotic cells

Answer 3

• no nucleus
• gentic material as one long circular chromosome, free floating in the cytoplasm

Question 4

Viewing cells using a light microscope (you can see subcellular structures through it)
- slide, then specimen, then liquid, then cover slip

Answer 4

1) Your specimen needs to let light through, so it has to be thin
2) add a drop of water/moutant using a pipette and place on the slide
3) add a drop of stain if ur specimen is colourless
4) carefully place the cover slip on
5) clip it and select the lowest power objective lense
6)use the corse adjustment knob to move the stage up/down

Question 5

What is the genome?

Answer 5

The entire genetic material of an organism

Question 6

What is a gene

Answer 6

A short length of DNA on a chromosome

Question 7

What is polymerisation?

Answer 7

the process of making a protein from lots of amino acids

Question 8

what are alleles?

Answer 8

different versions of the same genes

Question 9

What is genotype?

Answer 9

the combination of alleles an organism has for each gene is called genotype

Question 10

What is phenotype?

Answer 10

the characteristics the organism displays

Question 11

What combination do males have?

Answer 11

XY

Question 12

What are the drawbacks of genetic testing?

Answer 12

discrimination of someone with a genetic disease
increased stress

Question 13

something good about genetic testing?

Answer 13

personalised medicine
help with family planning

Question 14

testing a baby for genetic disease (embryo)

Answer 14

a cell can be taken from each resulting embryo, and DNA to be analysed and see which one doesn’t have it and plant it into the womb

Question 15

drawbacks of family planning genetic testing

Answer 15

testing isn’t 100% perfect
destruction of embryos/life

Question 16

the idea of genetic engineering

Answer 16

is to transfer a gene from the genome of an organism, to the genome of another organism. This gives that organism useful characteristics

Question 17

Genetic engineering method

Answer 17

1) the useful gene is cut from it’s genome using enzymes, and then is replicated to produce copies
2) each copy is then inserted into a vector
3) The vectors are then mixed with other cells; become genetically modified

Question 18

genetic engineering in agriculture

Answer 18

GM crops so they can be resistant to herbicide.

Question 19

cons about GM in crops

Answer 19

adversely affect food chains or even human health.