B2 - Keeping Healthy Flashcards
What is a communicable disease?
is a disease that can be spread between organisms. They are caused by pathogens infecting the organism
What are non-communicable diseases?
cannot be passed from one organism to another.
They are associated with genetic mutations, lifestyle, and environmental factors
What are the 4 pathogens?
Bacteria, viruses, protists, and fungi
ways pathogens can be spreaded
Water, air, on surfaces, body fluids, animal vectors, soil and food.
3 defences the human carries
Physical, chemical, and mircrobial
Physical defence (3)
- respiratory tract is lined with mucus and cilia
- Skin acts as a barrier
- Platelets blood clot wounds to prevent micro from entering and loss of too much blood.
Chemical defense (3)
- Eyes produce an enzyme called lysozyme which breaks bacteria on the surface of the eye
- Saliva contains molecules which kill pathogens that enter the mouth
- Stomach produces hydrochloric acid
Microbial defense (1)
if the pathogens make it to the gut, they have to compete with the bacteria which naturally live in the gut to survive
every cell has molecules on its surface called antigens, so what are anitigens?
each antigen is unique to the specific to the cell type they are found on. white blood cells have receptors in their membrane which help them identify pathogens
White blood cell phagocytes
- have a flexible membrane and contain a lot of enzymes.
- This enables them to engulf foreign cells and digest them.
White blood cells
producing antibodies
B-cells
white blood cells
producing antitoxins
some pathogens produce toxins. some white blood cells also produce antitoxins which counteract these toxins.
Measures to prevent spread of disease
Hygiene, sanitary conditions, destroying infected animals, vaccination, isolating infected individuals, protection 😏
Measures to prevent spreading in plants
Destroying infected plants
using healthy seeds
plants
crop rotation
polyculture
chemical control
how do vaccinations stop you from getting infections
involves injecting dead, inactive, or weakened pathogens into the body.
they carry antigens, so they’ll trigger an immune response
WB will produce antibodies
Pros of vaccination
Helps control a lot of communicable diseases
Cons of vaccination
Don’t always work
You could get a bad reaction to it
Can be expensive
Culturing Microorganisms
the culture medium (vitamins/minerals needed for microorganisms to grow) can be agar jelly.
Hot agar jelly is poured in a Petri dish
how can you test antibiotics on bacterial growth (testing)
place paper disks soaked in different concentrations/types of antibiotics. Use a control disk // soak in sterile water
The larger the clear zone around the antibiotic, the more effective
Aseptic techniques
petri dishes and culture medium must be sterilised before use e.g by heating to kill any unwanted microorganisms
inoculating loop used to transfer bacteria to dish must be sterilised
taped lightly to stop air microorganisms from getting in
calculating and comparing clear zones of antibiotics
use piRsquared
risk factors in non-communicable disease
lifestyle, environment, genes
lifestyle factors
exercise and diet
what can alcohol and smoking cause?
alcohol = can cause many cancers and increased blood pressure
smoking = cancers, cvd, lung disease
lifestyle factor trends
global = lack of exercise//higher alcohol consumption linked with higher income. smoking more common in poorer countries`
effect of exercise on pulse rate
when excising more energy is needed by your muscles to contract more.
so rate of respiration increases so you need more oxygen to ur cells.
ur heart rate increases to speed up the delivery of oxygenated blood to the muscles
what are antibiotics?
chemicals which kill bacteria without killing your own body cells. e.g penicillin
antivirals are used to treat viral infections
overuse of antibiotics
resistant strains of bacteria developed due to people not completing the full antibiotic course hence doctors only prescribe antibiotics if they are really needed
what is cardiovascular disease?
high blood pressure and LDL cholesterol can lead up to the build up of fatty deposits in arteries, narrowing them down. forms atheroma. cvd is when there is a lot of atheroma in arteries
healthy lifestyle to treat CVD
healthy lifestyle: diet, reducing stress, exercise, no smoking
medicine to treat CVD
Statins reduce the amount of cholesterol in the blood stream, which can slow down the rate of fatty deposits forming, can cause liver/kidney failure
Anticoagulants are drugs which make blood clots less likely to form but can cause excessive bleeding if person hurts
Surgical procedures to treat CVD
stents are tubes that are inserted inside arteries, keeping them open so blood can pass through the cardiac muscle
donor heart; but immune system may reject and regard as “foreign”
