B1 - You and Your genes Flashcards
Eukaryotic cells
- subcellular structures
- nucleus contains genetic material arranged in chromosomes
- mitochondria contains enzymes
Eukaryotic plant cell
- Rigid cell wall made of cellulose
- large vacuole that contains cell sap
- Chloroplasts where photosynthesis occurs
Prokaryotic cells
- no nucleus
- gentic material as one long circular chromosome, free floating in the cytoplasm
Viewing cells using a light microscope (you can see subcellular structures through it)
- slide, then specimen, then liquid, then cover slip
1) Your specimen needs to let light through, so it has to be thin
2) add a drop of water/moutant using a pipette and place on the slide
3) add a drop of stain if ur specimen is colourless
4) carefully place the cover slip on
5) clip it and select the lowest power objective lense
6)use the corse adjustment knob to move the stage up/down
What is the genome?
The entire genetic material of an organism
What is a gene
A short length of DNA on a chromosome
What is polymerisation?
the process of making a protein from lots of amino acids
what are alleles?
different versions of the same genes
What is genotype?
the combination of alleles an organism has for each gene is called the genotype
What is phenotype?
the characteristics the organism displays
What combination do males have?
XY
What are the drawbacks of genetic testing?
discrimination of someone with a genetic disease
increased stress
something good about genetic testing?
personalised medicine
help with family planning
how to test a baby for genetic disease (embryo)
a cell can be taken from each resulting embryo, and DNA to be analysed and see which one doesn’t have it and plant it into the womb
drawbacks of family planning genetic testing
testing isn’t 100% perfect
destruction of embryos/life
the idea of genetic engineering
is to transfer a gene from the genome of an organism, to the genome of another organism. This gives that organism useful characteristics
Genetic engineering method (3)
1) the useful gene is cut from it’s genome using enzymes, and then is replicated to produce copies
2) each copy is then inserted into a vector
3) The vectors are then mixed with other cells; become genetically modified
genetic engineering in agriculture
GM crops so they can be resistant to herbicide.
cons about GM in crops
adversely affect food chains or even human health.
what is the SRY gene?
located on the Y chromosome, causes the developments of testes
