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Science > B2- DNA and Reproduction > Flashcards

B2- DNA and Reproduction Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define sexual reproduction

A

The formation of a new organism by combining the genetic material of two organisms.

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2
Q

What are sexually produced offspring like?

A

Genetically similar to both parents but not identical to either

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3
Q

Define fertilization

A

The joining of two sex cells (egg and sperm) or the male and female gametes

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4
Q

Which gametes are in animals and flowering plants?

A

Sperm and egg in animals
Pollen and eggs in flowering plants

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5
Q

4 advantages of sexual reproduction

A
  • Variation in offspring
  • Can adapt to new environments
  • Disease is less likely to effect all individuals in population
  • Can use selective breeding
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6
Q

3 disadvantages of sexual reproduction

A
  • Time and energy are needed to find a mate
  • Impossible for an isolated individual
  • Takes longer than asexual
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7
Q

Define asexual reproduction

A

Only involves one parent so there is no joining of sex cells during fertilisation

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8
Q

What are asexually produced offspring like?

A

Genetically identical to each other and their parent often called clones

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9
Q

Examples of asexual organisms

A

Bacteria
Production of fungi spores
Plant runners
Plant tubers

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10
Q

4 advantages of asexual reproduction

A
  • Rapid population increase in favourable conditions
  • Only one parent is needed
  • Time and energy efficient as a mate is not needed
  • Faster than sexual
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11
Q

3 disadvantages of asexual reproduction

A
  • No variation in population
  • Species may only be suited to one habitat
  • Disease may affect all individuals in a population
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12
Q

List 3 organisms that reproduce both sexually and asexually

A

Malarial parasites
Fungi
Some plants

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13
Q

Malarial asexual and sexual reproduction facts

A
  • Malarial parasites reproduce sexually in the host mosquito
  • Malarial parasites reproduce asexually in the human host
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14
Q

Fungi asexual and sexual reproduction facts

A
  • Fungi reproduce sexually to generate variation
  • Fungi release spores by asexual reproduction
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15
Q

Plants asexual and sexual reproduction facts

A
  • Plants use sexual reproduction to produce seeds
  • Plants such as strawberries reproduce asexually by sending out runners, or daffodils when their bulbs divide
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16
Q

How do plants sexually reproduce?

A
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17
Q

Describe the process of meiosis

A

Answer in book

18
Q

Describe the process of mitosis

A

Answer in book

19
Q

Define DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid.
The material inside the nucleus of cells, carrying the genetic information or code of a living being.

20
Q

Describe the structure of DNA

A

A polymer, a large and complex molecule. It is made up of two strands called nucleotides forming a twisted ladder structure called a double helix. The nucleotides consist of a deoxyribose sugar, phosphate and base.

21
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains cell DNA or genetic material

22
Q

Chromosome

A

23 Pairs
Made up of DNA
Contains thousands of genes

23
Q

Gamete

A

Sex cell

24
Q

Gene

A

Codes for proteins section of DNA

25
Q

Allele

A

Differently forms of a gene eg brown hair allele

26
Q

Phenotype

A

Describing a characteristic eg brown eyes

27
Q

Genotype

A

What alleles are present eg BB or Bb

28
Q

Homozygous

A

2 copies of the same allele

29
Q

Heterozygous

A

2 different alleles

30
Q

Dominant

A

Needs one copy of the allele for the characteristic to be seen

31
Q

Recessive

A

Only see characteristic if there are 2 allele copies

32
Q

Human genome

A

Do later

33
Q

What is a gene mutation?

A

Do later

34
Q

List the 3 main symptoms of Cystic Fibrosis

A
  • Difficulty breathing
  • Difficulty digesting
    -Difficulty reproducing
35
Q

List the 1 symptom of Polydactyly

A

Born with one or more extra fingers

36
Q

Are CF and Poly recessive or dominant

A

CF= Recessive
Poly= Dominant

37
Q

How do you screen for genetic diseases?

A
38
Q

What problems surround screening for genetic diseases?

A
39
Q

How can we genetically modify organisms?

A
40
Q

Human genome

A

Science (20 decks)

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