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Science > B1- Cell biology > Flashcards

B1- Cell biology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

Complex cells that include all animal plant cells

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2
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

Smaller and simpler cells such as bacteria

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3
Q

What are eukaryotes?

A

Organisms made up of eukaryotic cells

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4
Q

What are prokaryotes?

A

A single celled organism made up of one prokaryotic cell

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5
Q

What is the name for different parts of a cell?

A

Sub cellular structures

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6
Q

What are the sub cellular structures of an animal cell?

A

Nucleus
Mitochondria
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Ribosomes

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7
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

Contains genetic material that controls cell activity

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8
Q

What are mitochondria?

A

Where most of the reactions for aerobic respiration takes place

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9
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

A gel like substance that contains enzymes which control the chemical reactions that take place there

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10
Q

What is a cell membrane?

A

Holds the cell together and controls what goes in and out

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11
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

The site of protein synthesis

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12
Q

What extra sub cellular structures do plant cells have?

A

Cell wall
Vacuole
Chloroplasts

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13
Q

What is a cell wall?

A

Made of cellulose and supports and strengthens the cell

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14
Q

What is a vacuole?

A

Contains cell sap that is a weak solution made up of sugar and salts

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15
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A

They contains chlorophyll which absorbs light and are where photosynthesis occurs

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16
Q

What are the sub cellular structures of a bacterial cell?

A

Cell membrane
Cell wall
Circular strand of DNA
Plasmid
Cytoplasm

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17
Q

What do bacterial cells not have?

A

A nucleus
Chloroplasts
Mitochondria

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18
Q

What do bacterial cells have instead of a nucleus?

A

A single circular strand of DNA that floats freely in the cytoplasm

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19
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

One or more small rings of DNA

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20
Q

What is the formula for magnification?

A

Magnification = image size / real size

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21
Q

What are the parts of a light microscope?

A

Eyepiece
Coarse adjustment knob
Fine adjustment knob
Light
Stage
High power objective lens
Low power objective lens

22
Q

What do you need to prepare a slide?

A

Slide
Water drop mixed with iodine
Iodine stained specimen
Cover slip

23
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A

The process by which a cell changed to become specialised for its job

24
Q

What are undifferentiated cells called?

A

Stem cells

25
Q

What are five examples of specialised cells?

A

Sperm cells
Nerve cells
Muscle cells
Root hair cells
Phloem and Xylem

26
Q

How are sperm cells specialised?

A

They have a long tail and streamlined head to help it swim to the egg, lots of mitochondria to provide the energy needed, it carries enzymes in its head to digest through the egg cell membrane to get male DNA to the female DNA

27
Q

How are nerve cells specialised?

A

They are long to cover more distance and have branched connections at their ends to connect to other nerve cells and fora network throughout the body so they can carry rapid electrical signals

28
Q

How are muscle cells specialised?

A

They are long so they have space to contract and contain lots of mitochondria to generate the energy needed for rapid contraction

29
Q

How are root hair cells specialised?

A

They are on the surface of plant roots, they grow into long hairs to stick out into the soil and absorb water and minerals, this gives the plant a big surface area for absorbing

30
Q

How are phloem and Xylem cells specialised?

A

They form phloem and xylem tubes to transport substances around the plant, to form the tubes the cells are long and joined end to end, xylem cells are hollow in the centre and phloem have few sub cellular structure so things can flow through them

31
Q

What are embryonic stem cells?

A

They are found in early human embryos and have the potential to turn into any type of cell

32
Q

Why do scientist want to grow stem cells in labs?

A

To produce clones that are made to differentiate into specialised cells to use in medicine and research

33
Q

How can embryonic stem cells cure disease

A

They can be used to replace faulty cells in sick people, become insulin producing cells for people with diabetes, nerve cells for those paralysed and so on

34
Q

Why are people against embryonic stem cell research and some aren’t?

A

Some are against it because they are potential human life whilst others argue the already living sick person is more important

35
Q

How can stem cells produce identical plants?

A

Stem cells are found in the plants meristems and are used to produce clones of whole plants quickly and cheaply, this is useful for endangered species, farmers and plant disease resistance

36
Q

Where are adult stem cells found?

A

Bone marrow

37
Q

How can adult stem cells cure disease?

A

They are transferred from the bone marrow of a healthy person to fix faulty blood cells of a sick person

38
Q

Is stem cell research allowed in the UK?

A

Yes if it follows strict guidelines

39
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The spreading out of particles from an area of higher concentration to a area of lower concentration

40
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration

41
Q

What is a partially permeable membrane?

A

A membrane with very small holes so only small molecules like water can pass through it

42
Q

What is active transport?

A

Substances absorbed against a concentration gradient such as from an area of lower to higher concentration

43
Q

What is an example of a cell that uses active transport?

A

Root hair cells take in minerals using active transport

44
Q

How is active transport used in the gut?

A

When there is a lower concentration of nutrients in the gut but a higher concentration of nutrients in the blood it allows nutrients to be taken in when the concentration gradient is the wrong way

45
Q

How are exchanged surfaces adapted in multicellular organisms to maximise effectiveness?

A

They have a thin membrane for short diffusion distance, they have a large surface area so more diffusion can take place, in animals they have a lot of blood vessels to get things in and out of the blood quickly and gas exchange in animals are often ventilated

46
Q

How are alveoli adapted for gas exchange in the lungs?

A

They have a huge surface area, a moist lining for dissolving gases, very thin walls and a good blood supply

47
Q

How is the small intestine adapted for substance exchange?

A

The inside is covered in millions of villi that increase surface area to absorb digested food quicker, they have a single layer of surface cells, a good blood supply and they are covered in micro villi

48
Q

How are leaves adapted to let gas diffuse in and out?

A

In book

49
Q

How are gills adapted for gas exchange?

A

They are made of lots of thin plates called gill filaments that give a big surface area for gas exchange, the filaments are covered in lamellae to further increase surface area

50
Q

How are lamellae adapted in gills for gas exchange?

A

They have lots of blood capillaries to speed up diffusion, a thin surface layer of cells to minimise diffusion distance and blood and water flow in opposite directions to maintain a large concentration gradient between the blood and the water

Science (27 decks)

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