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Unit B > B2 Content > Flashcards

B2 Content Flashcards

1
Q

What is evolution?

A

Process by which populations living things change over a series of generations

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2
Q

Evidence for evolution

A

Fossil records
Biochemistry
Genetics
Behaviour
Plant and animal breeding
Embryology

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3
Q

Palaeontology

A

The study of fossils

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4
Q

Relative dating

A

Deeper sedimentary rock layers meaning they formed earlier —> older fossil

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5
Q

Radiometric dating

A

Technique to determine age of a rock or fossil by radioactive isotope decay rate.

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6
Q

What is biogeography?

A

The study of variation and geographic distribution of life on earth (past and present)

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7
Q

What are homologous structures?

A

Features with similar structure but different functions
Similar origins but different uses in different species

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8
Q

What are Analogous structures?

A

Similar in function and appearance but not in origin.

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9
Q

Convergent evolution

A

-Development of similar adaptations from unrelated species.
-Occupy equivalent niches on different continents
-Due to Similar environmental conditions

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10
Q

Embryonic Development

A

Late 1800s: scientists noted similarity between embryos of different species

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11
Q

Vestigial features

A

Rudimentary structures with no useful function
May have been functional in ancestor

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12
Q

Vestigial structures examples

A

Human appendix
Coccyx(tail bone)
Wisdom teeth
Muscles which move ears

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13
Q

Universal

A

Similarities in genetic code

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14
Q

What is gene

A

A segment of DNA that performs a specific function

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15
Q

What is artificial selection

A

Animal and plant breeding
Process of humans selecting and breeding individuals with desired traits

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16
Q

Scientific theory

A

Model that accounts for all known scientific evidence

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17
Q

Aristotle

A

384-322 BC
First to attempt to classify animals
First to propose spontaneous generation

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18
Q

George’s Louis Leclerc de Buffon

A

1750s
Leading naturalist
Species could change overtime which could lead to new organisms

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19
Q

Carl Linnaeus

A

1760s
Founder of bio nominal nomenclature

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20
Q

Erasmus Darwin

A

1790s
(Darwin’s grandpa)
All life developed from a single source

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21
Q

Jean- Baptiste Pierre

A

First theory of evolution with mechanism

Simples species are created with spontaneous generation and become more complex

Organisms have a desire to change for the better so they produce new parts

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22
Q

Lamarckism

A

Inheritance of a acquired characteristic. If you use it often it will pass to the next generation

Use it or lose it

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23
Q

Natural selection

A

Result of differential reproductive success of individuals caused by variations in their inherited characteristics

Environmental pressure, inheritance of characteristics and variation of the characteristics

24
Q

Natural selection- Darwin

A

All species display inherited variation which makes them better adapted to Survive and reproduce better than others

25
Q

Darwin’s theory of natural selection in 5 points

A

1.Overproduction
2.struggle for existence
3.variation
4.survival of the fittest
5.speciation

26
Q

Darwin’s theory- over production

A

Number of offsprings produced by a species is greater than can survive and reproduce

27
Q

Darwin’s theory-competion

A

Organisms of the same species(and others) must compete for the same limited resources;struggle for existence

28
Q

Darwin’s theory- variation

A

No two individuals are exactly the same( except identical twins)

29
Q

Darwin’s theory-survival of the fittest

A

The environment acts to select favourable traits(not create them). Those with an advantage survive and reproduce, increasing their numbers

30
Q

Darwin’s theory-specification

A

Individuals do not change, population change overtime
Accumulation of new traits over a long period of time, leads to a different population and thus new species

31
Q

Lamarks theory

A

Variations is acquired

32
Q

Darwin’s theory

A

Variations is inherited

33
Q

Mutations

A

Introduce new characteristics/variations into a population

34
Q

Inherited variations-mutations

A

DNA is composed of nucleotide bases that form genes which give organism inherited traits
DNA is usually replicated the exact same but sometimes changes can occur

35
Q

Mutations- neutral

A

Neutral mutations have no immediate effect on an individual’s fitness or reproductive system

36
Q

Harmful mutations

A

May cause genetic disorders or cancer
Reduces individuals fitness

37
Q

Mutation-beneficial

A

Provide an advantage to an individual
Has selective advantage which will likely be passed onto offspring

38
Q

True or false
Mutations occur when they are needed in response to encompass changes

A

False they occur at random times

39
Q

True or false
Harmful mutations are more common,so they can accumulate and the species will steadily degrade

A

False they are selected against

40
Q

True or false
Mutations=diversity

A

True this can then lead to speciation over 1000s of generations

41
Q

Inherited variations

A

Receive exact same DNA as parent

42
Q

Inherited variation- sexual reproduction

A

Sexually reproducing species are variable in their phenotype(how they look)

43
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Half of mom and half from dad involves 2 pairs

44
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Involves only one parent and usually has same DNA as them

45
Q

Adaption

A

Change in a characteristic of an organism that increases its chance of survival

46
Q

3 types of adaptions we witness in nature

A

Structural
Behavioural
Physiological

47
Q

Structural adaptions

A

Physical characteristics that helps an organism survive in its environment

48
Q

Behavioural adaptions

A

Something an organism does usually in response to an external stimulus that helps them to survive

Hibernation
Migration

49
Q

Physiological adaption

A

A process inside of a organisms body that helps it to survive in its environment

50
Q

Speciation-forming a new species

A

Species are defined as a group of organisms that are theoretically able to reproduce with one another to make viable offspring

51
Q

Allopathic speciation- physical barrier

A

Separating a single interbreeding population into 2 or more groups. Mutations are not shared with other populations

52
Q

Allopathic speciation- natural selection

A

Works in separate populations inherited differences. Population evolve independently in response to varying environments

Groups are no longer sexually compatible due to accumulated physical/behavioural differneces

53
Q

Darwin’s theory - speciation

A

Individuals do not change population change over time

Accumulation of new traits over a long period of times population become different, new species

54
Q

Theory of gradualism

A

Speciation occurs slowly
Fossil record shows abrupt changes but we are missing many pieces

55
Q

Theory of punctuated equilibrium

A
  1. Many species evolve very rapidly in evolutionary time
  2. Speciation usually occurs in small isolated populations, so Intermediate fossils are rare
  3. after an Initial burst of evolution, species are well adapted to their environment, so they do not change significantly over long time periods
56
Q

Macro evolution

A

Evidence of divergent evolution:when species rapidly evolved into many species

57
Q

Permian extinction:

A

unknown but suspect tectonic plates

Unit B (3 decks)

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