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Yr 10 Biology > B2 > Flashcards

B2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What Are the differences between plant and animal cells

A

Plant and agal cells contain all the structures seen in animal cells as well as a cell wall,. Many plant cells also contain chloroplasts and a permanent vacuole filled with sap

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2
Q

Name the structures found in animal and or plant cell and their uses

A

The nucleus controls all the activities of the cell, it contains the genes and chromosomes.

The cytoplasm is a liquid gel in which most of the chemical reactions needed fro life take place

the cell membrane controls the passage of substances into and out of the cell

The mitochondria are structures in the cytoplasm where oxygen is used and most of the energy is released during respiration

Ribosomes are where protein synthesis takes place. All the proteins needed for the cell are made here

A cell wall is made of cellulose that strengthens the cell and gives it support

Chloroplasts are found in the green parts of the plant. They are used for photosynthesis, root cells do not contain them

A permanent vacuole is a space in the cytoplasm filled with cell sap. This is important for keeping the cell rigid and supporting the plant

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3
Q

What does a bacteria cell contain?

A

A cytoplasm and a membrane surrounded by a cell wall. These genes are not in a distinctnucleus

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4
Q

What is yeast?

A

Yeast is a single celled organism, each cell has a nucleus, cytoplasm and a membrane surrounded by a cell wall

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5
Q

Give some examples of specialised cells

A

fat cells, root cell, sperm cells and cone cells

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6
Q

What does a fat cell contain?

A

A nucleus , fat store, mitochondria and cytoplasm

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7
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area where they are at a high concentration to an area where they are at a lower concentration, the greater the difference in concentration, the faster the rate of diffusion

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8
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of cells with similar structures and function

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9
Q

What are organ systems?

A

They are a group of organs that perform a particular function eg, the digestive system

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10
Q

What is the digestive system?

A

The digestive system in a mammal is an organ system were substances are exchanged with the environment

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11
Q

Give some examples of plant organs

A

Roots, leaves and stems

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12
Q

What are the similarities in a human cell and animal cell?

A

They both contain a nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria and ribosomes

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13
Q

What are the parts of the cell that moct cells have and what are the purposes?

A

The nucleus controls the cells activities
Cytoplasms are where chemical reactions take place
A cell membrane is something that controls the movements of materials in and out of the cell
Mitochondria is where energy is released during aerobic respiration
rimosomes are where protein. synthesis takes llace

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14
Q

What do plants and agal cells have that animal cells dont

A

A rigid cell wall made of cellulose for support
Chloroplasts that contain chlorophill for photosynthesis, the chloroplasts absorb light energy to make food
a permament vacuole. containing cell sap

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15
Q

What are the different

ces between plants and algae

A

Algae are simple aquatic organisms which have many features similar to plant cells

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16
Q

Where is the genetic material in bacteria and why

A

in the cytoplasm because they dont contain nucleus

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17
Q

What do bacteria form when they multiply

A

bacterial colonies

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18
Q

what do yeact cells have?

A

a nucheus, cytoplasm, membrane and a cell wall

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19
Q

Why might a cell need alot lf energy?

A

because it contains alot of mitochondria

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20
Q

what would the effect of having alot lf ribosomes have on a cell

A

it would make alot of protein

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21
Q

What are receptor cells

A

cells that have simple structures which enable them to. detect stimuli eg the cone cells in the eye are light sensitive

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22
Q

what are neurons specialised to do

A

carry impulses from the receptors to the CNS

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23
Q

what do leaf cells need alot of chloroplasts

A

to photosynthesise

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24
Q

why do. root cells of. a plant contain root hair cells?

A

So that they can get water and mineral ions effectively

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25
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The soreading out of particles of a gas or of any substance in solution

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26
Q

What does. the net movement into or out of cells depend on?

A

the concerntration of the particles on each side of the cell membrane, because the particles move randomly, there will be a net movement from an area of high concerntratikn to an area of lower concerntration

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27
Q

what is the difference in concerntration between two areas called

A

the concerntration gradient

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28
Q

How does the dofference in concerntration effect the rate of difusion

A

the larger the difference, the faster the rate of difusion

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29
Q

what happens to the cells during the development of multicellular organisms

A

they differentiate

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30
Q

what is a tissue of cells?

A

a group of cells with similar structure structureand function.

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31
Q

What do animal tissues include?

A

muscle tissue, which can ckntract and bring about movement
glandular tissue to produce substances such. as enzymes or hormones
epithelial tissue which covers some partf of the body

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32
Q

What do plant tissues contain

A

Epidermal tissues which covers the plant
mesophyll which can photosynthesise
xylem and pholem which covers some larts of the body

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33
Q

what is the stomach made up of

A

muscular tissues to churn the stomach contents
glandular tissues to produce digestkve juices
epithermal tissues to cover the outside and inside of the stomach

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34
Q

what do the leaf, stem and roots all contain?

A

epidermal tissue, mesophyll, xylem and pholem

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35
Q

what is an organ system

A

a group of organs formed to perform a particular function

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36
Q

name an organ system

A

the digestive system

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37
Q

what do insoluble molecules do and why

A

change the foor we eat to soluble molecules because only then they can be absorbed into the blood

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38
Q

what does the digestion system include and what are the functions

A

glands, such as the pancreas and salivary glands which produce digestive juices
the stomach and small intestines where digestion occours
the liver which produces bile
the small intestine where the absorption of soluble food occurs
the large intestine where water is absorbed from the undigested food, producing faeces

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39
Q

What does chlorophyll do

A

ansorbes the sun light energy

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40
Q

what is the word equation

A

carbon dioxide+water – +light energy —> glucose +oxygen

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41
Q

what is the process of photosynthesis

A

Carbkn dioxide ks taken in by the leaves, amd water is taken up by the roots
The chlorophyll traps the light energy needed fro photosynthesis
This energy is used to convert the carbon dioxide and water into glucose(a sugar)
oxygen is released as a byproduct of photosynthesis and soem lf the glucose is converted into insoluble starch for storage

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42
Q

give a example of a limiting factor

A

a lack of light would slow down photosynthesis as light provides the energy for the process

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43
Q

What is the difference between the dependant and independant variable

A

The independant variable is the one that is being tested

the dependant variable is the one you measure in this case it is usually the volume of oxygen produced

44
Q

How do plants use glucose

A

the glucose produced by photosynthesis may be
converted into insoluble starch for storage
used for respiration
converted into fats and oils for storage
used to produce cellulose which strengthens cell walls
used to produce proteins

45
Q

how do plant growers try to provide the best growing conditions for their plants

A

they may use greenhouses or polytunnels, if the grenhouse has heaters and lamps the rate of photosynthesis may increase, but it will stop photosynthesis if the light or heat temperature is too high, adding carbon dioxide to the greenhouse will increase the rate of photosynthesis. Nitrate ions can be added into the soil to ensure the plants produce proteing for a heanthy growth

46
Q

what physical factory can affect the distribution of organisms

A

temperature, for example, arctic plants are small which limits the number of plant eaters which can survive the area

availability of nutrients, most plants struggle to grow when mineral ions are in short supply and again few animals will survive in that area

ammount of light, few plants live on a forest floor because the light is blocked out by the trees. Shaded plants often have broader leaves or more chlorophyll

availability of water, water is important for all organisms so few will live in a desert, if it rains in the desert then plants grow, produce flowers and seeds very quickly. then there will be food for animals

availibility of oxygen, water animals can be affected by lack of oxygen. Some invertebrates can live at very low oxygen levels, but most fish need high levels of oxygen dissolved in water

Availibility of carbon dioxide, lack of carbon diocide will affect plant growth and consequently the food available for animals

47
Q

give one usage of quantitative data

A

quantitative data can be used to describe how physical factors might be affecting the distribution of organisms in a habitat.

48
Q

describe one way in which we could measure the ammount of animals in a particular place

A

we could place a quadrat, made of metal or wood which could be subdivided into a grid and cound the animals then we could find the total area of the place we were measuring and fifpgure it ourpt

49
Q

how do we make sure our data is valid

A

we make sure we repeat the imvestigation many times, we make sure all the variables are controlled, we make sure to record the method and results are repeatable and reproduceable

50
Q

What are protein molecules made of

A

long amieno acids

51
Q

what does the shape of a protein depend on?

A

its function

52
Q

what can proteins be

A

structural components of tissues, such as muscle
hormones
antibodies
catalysts

53
Q

What are enzymes

A

biological catalysts, they soeed up reactions

54
Q

what is the active site of an enzyme?

A

an area in the enzyme shaler where other molecules can fit

55
Q

what can enzymes do

A

build large molecules from many smaller ones
change one molecule into another one eg, convert one qtype of sugar into another
break down large molecules into smaller ones. eg all the digestive enzymes

56
Q

How does heat effect enzyme action

A

reactions take place faster when its warmer. At higher temperatures the molecules move around more quickly and so collide with each other more often and with more energy

If the temperature gets too hot the enzyme stops working because the active site changes shape. We say that the enzyme has become denatured.

57
Q

how does the ph value effect enzyme action

A

Each enzyme works best at a particular pH value. Some work best in acid conditions such as the stomach, but others need neutral or alkaline conditions.

If the pH value is too acidis or alkaline for the enzyme , then the active cell should change shape. Then the enzyme becomes dematured

58
Q

What produces digestive enzymes

A

specialised cells in glands and in the lining of the gut

59
Q

What is amylase and how is it produced

A

Anylase (a carbohydrase) is produced by the silivary glands, the pancreas and the small intestine. Alylase catalyses the digestion of starch into sugars in the mouth and small intestine

60
Q

What is protease and how is it made

A

protease is produced by the stomach, the pancreas and the small intestine. protease catalyses the breakdown of proteins into amino acids in the stomach and small intestine

61
Q

what is lipase and how is it formed

A

Lipase is produced by the pancreas and small intestine. Lipase catalyses the breakdown of lipids (fats and oils) to fatty acids and glycerol

62
Q

in what condition do protease enzymes in the stomach work best at and how are these conditions achieved

A

Protease enzymes in the stomach work best in acidic comditions. Glands in the stomach wall produce hydrochloric acid to create very acidic conditions

63
Q

Where and in what conditions do amylase and lipase work in

A

alylase and lipase work in the small intestine, they work best when the conditions are slightly alkaline

64
Q

where is bile produced and what is it used for

A

Bile is produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder. the alkaline bile is squirted into the small intestine and neutralises the stomach acid. Bile makes the conditions in the small intestine slightly alkalime

65
Q

What are biological deterrants and what do they contain

A

they contain proteases and lipases that digest food stains. they work at lower temperatures than ordinary washing powders. This saves energy and money saved on electricity

66
Q

what is isomerase used for

A

isomerase is used to convert glucose syrup into fructose syrup. Fructose is much sweeter, so is less needed in foods. The foods therefore, are not so fattening

67
Q

What are the advantages of using enzymes

A

enzymes in biological washing powders are all very effective at removing stains such as blood, grass and gravy

biological washing powders can be used at lower temperatures. This saves energy and reduces costs

some enzymes are used in medicine to diagnose, comtrol or even cure diseases

in industry, costs of equipment and energy can be reduced

68
Q

what are the possible disadvantages of using enzymes

A

If people missuse washing powders they may have allergis reactions on their skin
the enzymes are enclosed in capsules in the dry powder. Once the powder disolves, hands should not be placed ij water

enzymes may enter the waterways via the sewage system

industrial enzymes can be costly to produce

enzymes denature at the high temperatures needed to kill pathogens in the washing

some fabrics such as wool will be digested by proteases

69
Q

where do most of the chemical reactions for aerobic resperation take place and what are they controlled by

A

they mostly take place in the mitochondria and are controlled by enzymes

70
Q

what is the equation for aerobic resperation

A

glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water [+energy]

71
Q

what can the energy released for aerobic resperation be used for

A

building larger molecules from smaller ones
enable muscle contraction in animals
maintain a constant body temperature in colder surroundings in mammals and birds
build sugars, nitrates and other nitrients into amino acids and then proteins in plants

72
Q

how do people find the ammount of co2 being produced in aerobic resperation

A

the faster the limewater turns cloudy, the faster co2 is being produced

73
Q

what do muscles store glucose as

A

glycogen

74
Q

what may happen ehen muscles work hard for a lomg time

A

they have too little oxygen and become fatigued

75
Q

what is needed to repair damages tissues or for growth of an organism

A

Cell devision

76
Q

What is mitosis

A

a process that results in two identical cells being produced from the original cell

77
Q

what are stem cells

A

cells that are unspeciallised cells that are made in the early stages of animal and plant development

78
Q

what is cell division mainly used for in early development

A

repair and replacement

79
Q

how are cells of offspring produced in asexual reproduction

A

they are produced by mitosis from the parent cell, they comtsim the same alleles as the parent

80
Q

what is meiosis

A

when cells in reproductive organs (testes and ovaries) devide by meiosis to form sex cells (gametes)

81
Q

how many chromosomes does each gamete have from the original pair

A

one

82
Q

why does sexual reproduction result in variation

A

because the gametes from each parent fuse. So half the genetic information comes from the father and half from the mother

83
Q

how does a new individual develop

A

by the original cell deviding by mitosis

84
Q

explain how four gametes are formed from one cell

A

before devision, a copy of each chromosome is made
the cell now divides twice to form four gametes (sex cells)
each gamete now has a single set of chromosomes, each eith a different combination of genes

85
Q

are stem cells specialised

A

no

86
Q

where are stem cells found

A

in the human embryo and in adult bone marrow

87
Q

what do stem cells do

A

they change into all the differenttypes of body cells eg nerve cells and muscle cells, we say the cells differentiate

88
Q

name a conditions that stem cells may be able to treat

A

paralysis, by differentiation into new cells

89
Q

where are stem cells found in adult humans

A

in the bone marrow

90
Q

Who was Gregor Mendel

A

he was a monk who worked out how charicteristics were inherited, he was the first to suggest the ides of seperately inherited ‘factors’

91
Q

why did it take a long time for mendals ideas to be accepted

A

because scientists did not know about chromosomes and genes until Mendel died

92
Q

What are Mendels ‘factors’ now called

A

genes, they are found om chromosomes

93
Q

what are chromosomes made of

A

DNA, which is a very long molecule, with a double helix structure, genes are short sections of dna

94
Q

do identical twins have different dna

A

no

95
Q

how many pairs of chromosomes do humans have

A

23

96
Q

what are genes comtrolling the same charicteristics called

A

alleles

97
Q

what is a dominant allele

A

an allele that ‘masks’ the effect of another allele, the one that is masked is recessive

98
Q

What does phenotype mean

A

physical apperance of the charicteristic, eg dimples or no dimples

99
Q

what is genotype

A

the genetic make up, which alleles does the individual inherit?

100
Q

what does homozygous mean

A

both alleles are the same

101
Q

what does hetrozygous mean

A

both alleles are different

102
Q

name a genetic disorder which is controlled by a dominant allele

A

polydactyly

103
Q

what does cystic fibrosis affect

A

it affects cell membranes and causes the production fo sticky mucus. The mucus can affect several organs, including the lungs and pancreas

104
Q

what is embryo screening

A

it involves tests to diagnose disorders before the baby is born

105
Q

how old is earth and life believed to be

A

earth is believed to be 4500 million years old

life is believed to be about 3500 million years old

106
Q

how may follils be formed

A

from the hard parts of animals that do not decay easily eg. bones, teeth, shells, claws

when parts of the organism are replaced by other materials such as, minerals as they decay

as preserved traces of organisms eg. footprints, burrows and rootlet traces

107
Q

why dont most organisms leave a fossil

A

because the exact conditions for fossil formation weremt pregnant

Yr 10 Biology (3 decks)

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