B2 Flashcards
How did the dodo go extinct?
Dodos lived on Mauritius, an island in the Indian Ocean. The island was uninhabited and the birds had no natural predators.
Then Mauritius was colonised by the Dutch in 1638. Dodos were hunted for food and easy to catch because they were not afraid of people. New competitors were brought onto the island, including pigs, cats and rats. These ate the dodos’ eggs and their young. Within 80 years, the dodo was extinct.
How does the fossil record provide evidence for the theory of evolution?
Fossil remains have been found in rocks of all ages. Fossils of the simplest organisms are found in the oldest rocks, and fossils of more complex organisms in the newest rocks. This supports the theory of evolution, which states that simple life forms gradually evolved into more complex ones.However, many early forms of life were soft-bodied - and have left few traces behind.
How do new species arise?
New species can arise as a result of isolation. This is where two populations of a species become geographically separated.
What is the process of speciation after isolation?
Genetic variation - where each population has a wide range of alleles that control their characteristics
Natural selection - where the alleles which help an organism to survive are selected in each population
Speciation - where the populations become sodifferent that successful interbreeding cannot happen anymore
What are fossils?
Fossils are the preserved remains or traces of dead organisms. They are found in rocks.
How has the horse evolved?
Over 60 million years, the horse evolved from a dog-sized creature that lived in rainforests into an animal adapted to living on the plains and standing up to 2 metres high.
In the process its multi-toed feet, that were adapted for walking across the forest floor, evolved into single-toed hooves more suited for running over open country
What are the three ways in which fossils are formed?
Hard body parts, such as bones and shells, which do not decay easily or are replaced by other materials as they decay.
Parts of organisms which have not decayed. For example, dead animals and plants can be preserved in amber (hardened tree resin), peat bogs, tar pits or in ice
Casts or impressions, such as foot prints or burrows. These become covered by layers of sediment, which eventually become rock.
What are the factors that cause species to become extinct?
New diseases
New predators
New, more successful competitors
Changes to the environment over geological time - such as a change in climate
A single catastrophic event - such as a massive volcanic eruption or a collision between an asteroid and the Earth
A species may also become extinct through speciation
how did Darwin describe the speciation of finches?
Darwin studied the wildlife on the Galápagos Islands. He noticed that the finches (songbirds) on the different islands were similar to each other.
However, the finches showed wide variations in their size, beaks and claws from island to island - for example, their beaks were different depending on the local food source. Darwin concluded that, because the islands are so distant from the mainland, the finches that had arrived there in the past and had changed over time.
What is DNA?
DNA (deoxyribose nucleic acid) molecules are large and complex. They carry the genetic code that determines the characteristics of a living thing.
How do you draw a genetic diagram?
In a genetic diagram, you show all of the possible alleles for a particular characteristic. There will be two alleles from one parent, and two from the other parent, making four altogether. You then draw lines to show all the possible ways that these alleles could be paired in the offspring. There will be four possible ways, but some or all of them could be repeated.In genetic diagrams, the dominant allele is shown as a capital letter, while the recessive allele is shown as a lower-case letter.
What is DNA fingerprinting used for?
for matching samples found at the scene of a crime to people suspected of committing the crime. and to prove paternity.
What happens when a body cell divides by mitosis?
The genetic material is copied
The cell divides once to form two genetically identical body cells
Mitosis occurs during growth or to produce replacement cells.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of stem cell treatment and what does it involve?
Stem cells have the potential to be used in new treatments for conditions such as Parkinson’s disease and paralysis. There are social and ethical issues concerning the use of human embryonic stem cells in medical research and treatments.
Where can you get stem cells from?
Human stem cells can come from human embryos or from adult bone marrow. They are able to develop into any kind of human cell
How is gender determined?
Human body cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus. One of these pairs controls the inheritance of gender - whether offspring are male or female:
In males, the two sex chromosomes are different. They are XY
In females, the two sex chromosomes are the same. They are XX
What happens during fertilization?
Fertilisation is the joining or fusion of a male gamete and a female gamete. When fertilisation happens, a single body cell with new pairs of chromosomes is formed. The new cell then divides over and over again by mitosis. This creates the many cells that eventually form a new individual.
What are carriers?
A carrier has one copy of the faulty allele, but does not have the disorder themselves.
What is cystic fibrosis?
Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disorder that affects the cell membranes, causing the production of thick and sticky mucus. It is caused by a recessive allele. This means that it must be inherited from both parents.
What is different in the differentiation between plants and animals?
Most types of animal cells differentiate at an early stage - they become specialised for a particular function and cannot change into different types of cell. In mature animals, cell division is mainly restricted to replacement and repair. However, many plant cells keep the ability to differentiate.
What does it mean if an allele is recessive?
The characteristic controlled by a recessive allele develops only if the allele is present on both chromosomes in a pair
What is DNA fingerprinting and how does it work?
Each person (apart from identical twins) has unique DNA. This can be used to identify individuals by DNA fingerprinting. This technique uses some of the small differences between the DNA from different people to make a picture rather like a barcode. If enough parts of the DNA are tested, it is very unlikely that two identical DNA fingerprints would belong to two different people.
What is the relationship between DNA, genes, and chromosomes?
Chromosomes are made from DNA. Genes are short sections of DNA.
What does it mean if an allele is dominant?
The characteristic controlled by a dominant allele develops if the allele is present on one or both chromosomes in a pair
What are alleles?
Different forms of the same gene are called alleles
Alleles are dominant or recessive:
What happens when a cell divides my meiosis?
A cell divides by meiosis to form gametes. When this happens:
Copies of the genetic information are made The cell divides twice to form four gametes
Each gamete has a single set of chromosomes.
What are chromosomes?
The cell’s nucleus contains chromosomes made from long DNA molecules.
What are genes?
A gene is a short section of DNA. Each gene codes for a specific protein by specifying the order in which amino acids must be joined together.
Why does sexual reproduction produce variation?
sexual reproduction causes variation because when two gametes join together one of each pair of alleles comes from each parent.
What is embryo screening used for?
Embryos can be screened for the alleles that cause polydactyly, cystic fibrosis and other genetic disorders.
What are stem cells?
They are unspecialised cells that can be made to differentiate to form different types of cell, such as nerve cells.
What is polydactyly and what is it caused by?
Polydactyly is an inherited condition in which a person has extra fingers or toes. It is caused by a dominant allele of a gene. This means it can be passed on by just one parent if they have the disorder.
What did Gregor Mendel discover?
He found that when he bred red-flowered plants with white-flowered plants, all the offspring produced red flowers. If he bred these plants with each other, most of the offspring had red flowers, but some had white. This was because the allele for red flowers is dominant, and the allele for white flowers is recessive.
What is anaerobic respiration?
Not enough oxygen may reach the muscles during exercise. When this happens, they use anaerobic respiration to obtain energy.
Anaerobic respiration involves the incomplete breakdown of glucose. It releases around 5% of the energy released by aerobic respiration, per molecule of glucose. The waste product is lactic acid rather than carbon dioxide and water:
glucose → lactic acid (+ little energy)
What is energy released through respiration used for?
It may be used to build up larger molecules from smaller ones. For example:
- Plants make amino acids from sugars, nitrates and other nutrients
- These amino acids are then built up into larger molecules - proteins
Energy is used by animals to enable the muscles to contract so that the animals can move. Mammals and birds keep their body temperature steady. Energy from respiration is used to do this when their surroundings are colder than they are
What is muscle fatigue?
Muscles become fatigued (tired) during long periods of vigorous activity. This means that they stop contracting efficiently. One cause of this is the build-up of lactic acid in the muscles from anaerobic respiration.
What is the difference between health and fitness?
Fit people are able to carry out physical activities more effectively than unfit people. Their pulse rate is likely to return to normal more quickly after exercise.
But being fit is not the same as being healthy. Healthy people are free from disease and infection - they may or may not be fit as well. It is possible to be fit but unhealthy, or healthy but unfit.
How is lactic acid removed from the muscles?
The lactic acid is removed from the muscles by blood flowing through them.
What does the increase in heart rate, rate of breathing and depth of breathing do?
The increased heart rate increases the rate of blood flow around the body. The increased rate and depth of breathing increases the rate of gaseous exchange in the lungs.
What is aerobic respiration?
Respiration is a series of reactions in which energy is released from glucose. Aerobic respiration is the form of respiration which uses oxygen.
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water (+ energy)
Glucose and oxygen are used up Carbon dioxide and water are produced as waste products
Where does aerobic respiration happen?
Aerobic respiration happens all the time in the cells of animals and plants. Most of the reactions involved happen inside mitochondria, tiny objects inside the cytoplasm of the cell. The reactions are controlled by enzymes.
What is an oxygen debt?
Anaerobic respiration produces an oxygen debt. This is the amount of oxygen needed to oxidise lactic acid to carbon dioxide and water. The existence of an oxygen debt explains why we continue to breathe deeply and quickly for a while after exercise.
How can glycogen be used during exercise?
The muscles store glucose as glycogen. This can then be converted back to glucose for use during exercise.
What is the effect of exercise?
During exercise, the muscle cells respire more than they do at rest. This means that:
Oxygen and glucose must be delivered to them more quickly
Waste carbon dioxide must be removed more quickly
This is achieved by increasing the heart rate, rate of breathing and the depth of breathing.
What are amylases a type of?
Amylase is an example of a carbohydrase
What are the disadvantages of enzymes in industry?
most enzymes are denatured at high temperatures. Many enzymes are expensive to produce.
How does PH affect enzymes?
Changes in pH also alter an enzyme’s shape. Different enzymes work best at different pH values. The optimum pH for an enzyme depends on where it normally works. For example, intestinal enzymes have an optimum pH of about 7.5. Enzymes in the stomach have an optimum pH of about 2.
What are the three types of common enzymes and what do they do?
lipase - breaks down fats
protease - breaks down proteins
carbohydrase - breaks down carbohydrates.
Where is protease produced?
Stomach, pancreas, small intestine
What are enzymes?
Enzymes are biological catalysts - substances that increase the rate of chemical reactions without being used up. Enzymes are proteins folded into complex shapes that allow smaller molecules to fit into them. The place where these substrate molecules fit is called the active site.
Where is Amylase produced?
Salivary glands, pancreas, small intestine
What is lipase used for?
Used - together with protease - in biological detergents to break down (digest) the substances in stains into smaller, water soluble substances
What does lipase do?
Lipases catalyse the breakdown of fats and oils into fatty acids and glycerol in the small intestine
What does bile do?
food is acidic after being in the stomach. A substance called bile neutralises the acid to provide the alkaline conditions needed in the small intestine. Bile is produced by the liver and stored in the gall bladder.
What does Amylase do?
Amylase catalyses the breakdown of starch into sugars in the mouth and small intestine
What does it mean if an enzyme has been denatured?
If the shape of the enzyme changes, its active site may no longer work. We say the enzyme has been ‘denatured’.Enzymes can be denatured by high temperatures or extremes of pH.
What are the conditions in the stomach and how do they affect enzymes?
The stomach produces hydrochloric acid. This helps to begin digestion, and it kills many harmful microorganisms that might have been swallowed along with the food. The enzymes in the stomach work best in acidic conditions - in other words, at a low pH.
What is protease used for?
Used to pre-digest proteins during the manufacture of baby foods
Where are the conditions in the small intestine and how do they affect enzymes?
After the stomach, food travels to the small intestine. The enzymes in the small intestine work best in alkaline conditions, at a high pH.
Where is lipase produced?
Pancreas, small intestine
What is isomerase used for?
Used to convert glucose syrup into fructose syrup - fructose is sweeter than glucose, so it can be used in smaller amounts in slimming foods
How can enzymes be used?
Enzymes allow certain industrial processes to be carried out at normal temperatures and pressures, thereby reducing the amount of energy and expensive equipment needed. Enzymes are also used in the home, for example, in ‘biological’ detergents.
What is carbohydrase used for?
Used to convert starch syrup, which is relatively cheap, into sugar syrup, which is more valuable - for example, as an ingredient in sports drinks
What does protease do?
Protease catalyse the breakdown of proteins into amino acids in the stomach and small intestine
What are proteins?
Proteins are polymers. They are built up in cells when monomers called amino acids join together end to end: each protein molecule has hundreds, or even thousands, of them joined together in a unique sequence. This gives each protein its own individual properties.
What do proteins act as?
Structural components of tissues (such as muscles)
Hormones (such as insulin)
Antibodies (part of the body’s immune system)
Biological catalysts (enzymes)
How does temperature affect enzymes?
As the temperature increases, so does the rate of reaction. But very high temperatures denature enzymes.The enzyme activity gradually increases with temperature up to around 37ºC, or body temperature. Then, as the temperature continues to rise, the rate of reaction falls rapidly as heat energy denatures the enzyme.
What are the advantages of enzymes in industry?
In industry, enzymes allow reactions that normally need expensive, energy-demanding equipment to happen at normal temperatures and pressures.
What are lipids?
Lipids are fats and oils.
What are amylases a type of?
Amylase is an example of a carbohydrase
What are the disadvantages of enzymes in industry?
most enzymes are denatured at high temperatures. Many enzymes are expensive to produce.
How does PH affect enzymes?
Changes in pH also alter an enzyme’s shape. Different enzymes work best at different pH values. The optimum pH for an enzyme depends on where it normally works. For example, intestinal enzymes have an optimum pH of about 7.5. Enzymes in the stomach have an optimum pH of about 2.
What are the three types of common enzymes and what do they do?
lipase - breaks down fats
protease - breaks down proteins
carbohydrase - breaks down carbohydrates.
Where is protease produced?
Stomach, pancreas, small intestine
What are enzymes?
Enzymes are biological catalysts - substances that increase the rate of chemical reactions without being used up. Enzymes are proteins folded into complex shapes that allow smaller molecules to fit into them. The place where these substrate molecules fit is called the active site.
Where is Amylase produced?
Salivary glands, pancreas, small intestine
What is lipase used for?
Used - together with protease - in biological detergents to break down (digest) the substances in stains into smaller, water soluble substances
What does lipase do?
Lipases catalyse the breakdown of fats and oils into fatty acids and glycerol in the small intestine
What does bile do?
food is acidic after being in the stomach. A substance called bile neutralises the acid to provide the alkaline conditions needed in the small intestine. Bile is produced by the liver and stored in the gall bladder.
What does Amylase do?
Amylase catalyses the breakdown of starch into sugars in the mouth and small intestine
What does it mean if an enzyme has been denatured?
If the shape of the enzyme changes, its active site may no longer work. We say the enzyme has been ‘denatured’.Enzymes can be denatured by high temperatures or extremes of pH.
What are the conditions in the stomach and how do they affect enzymes?
The stomach produces hydrochloric acid. This helps to begin digestion, and it kills many harmful microorganisms that might have been swallowed along with the food. The enzymes in the stomach work best in acidic conditions - in other words, at a low pH.
What is protease used for?
Used to pre-digest proteins during the manufacture of baby foods
Where are the conditions in the small intestine and how do they affect enzymes?
After the stomach, food travels to the small intestine. The enzymes in the small intestine work best in alkaline conditions, at a high pH.
Where is lipase produced?
Pancreas, small intestine
What is isomerase used for?
Used to convert glucose syrup into fructose syrup - fructose is sweeter than glucose, so it can be used in smaller amounts in slimming foods
How can enzymes be used?
Enzymes allow certain industrial processes to be carried out at normal temperatures and pressures, thereby reducing the amount of energy and expensive equipment needed. Enzymes are also used in the home, for example, in ‘biological’ detergents.
What is carbohydrase used for?
Used to convert starch syrup, which is relatively cheap, into sugar syrup, which is more valuable - for example, as an ingredient in sports drinks
What does protease do?
Protease catalyse the breakdown of proteins into amino acids in the stomach and small intestine
What are proteins?
Proteins are polymers. They are built up in cells when monomers called amino acids join together end to end: each protein molecule has hundreds, or even thousands, of them joined together in a unique sequence. This gives each protein its own individual properties.
What do proteins act as?
Structural components of tissues (such as muscles)
Hormones (such as insulin)
Antibodies (part of the body’s immune system)
Biological catalysts (enzymes)
How does temperature affect enzymes?
As the temperature increases, so does the rate of reaction. But very high temperatures denature enzymes.The enzyme activity gradually increases with temperature up to around 37ºC, or body temperature. Then, as the temperature continues to rise, the rate of reaction falls rapidly as heat energy denatures the enzyme.
What are the advantages of enzymes in industry?
In industry, enzymes allow reactions that normally need expensive, energy-demanding equipment to happen at normal temperatures and pressures.
What are lipids?
Lipids are fats and oils.
What does the term habitat mean?
The place where an organism lives
What does the term population mean?
All the members of a single species that live in a habitat
What does the term ecosystem mean?
A community and the habitat in which it lives
What does the term environment mean?
All the conditions that surround a living organism
How do you calculate the medium value?
Put all the numbers in numerical order
If there is an odd number of results, the median is the middle number
If there is an even number of results, the median will be the mean of the two middle numbers
How do you use quadrats?
A quadrat is usually a square made of wire The organisms underneath, usually plants or slow moving animals such as slugs and snails, can be identified and counted.
It should be placed randomly so that a representative sample is taken
The validity and reproducibility of the results increases as the results from more quadrats are analysed
How do you calculate the modal value?
The mode is the number which occurs most often in a set of data. Note: You can have more than one mode.
How do you calculate the mean value?
Add the numbers together and divide the total by the amount of numbers
How do you use transects?
A transect is a line across a habitat or part of a habitat. It can be as simple as a string or rope placed in a line on the ground. The number of organisms of each species can be observed and recorded at regular intervals along the transect.
What does the term community mean?
All the populations of different organisms that live together in a habitat
What are the physical features that affect the distribution of organisms?
Temperature
Amount of light
Availability of water
Availability of nutrients
Availability of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
(Note that these do not include factors such as the presence or absence of predators.)
How is glucose used?
Some glucose is used for respiration to release energy. Some is used to produce:
Cellulose - which strengthens the cell wall Proteins - such as enzymes and chlorophyll
Plants also need nitrates to make proteins. These are absorbed from the soil as nitrate ions.
How is carbon dioxide concentration a limiting factor?
Sometimes photosynthesis is limited by the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air. Even if there is plenty of light, a plant cannot photosynthesise if there is insufficient carbon dioxide.
What is the equation for photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide + Water (Arrow, and light energy) glucose+ Oxygen
How are paraffin lamps used in greenhouses?
Paraffin lamps have traditionally been used in greenhouses. Their use increases the rate of photosynthesis because as well as the light generated from the lamps, the burning paraffin produces heat and carbon dioxide too
How is temperature a limiting factor?
If it gets too cold, the rate of photosynthesis will decrease. Plants cannot photosynthesise if it gets too hot.
How is glucose stored?
Glucose is needed by cells for respiration. However, it is not produced at night when it is too dark for photosynthesis to happen. Plants and algae store glucose as insoluble products. These include:
Starch Fats and oils
What must be taken into account for artificial conditions in greenhouses?
the additional cost of providing extra lighting, heat and carbon dioxide has to be weighed against the increased crop yield and the extra income it will provide. The cost of should not exceed the additional income it generates for the farmer.
In practice, the farmer will need to find the optimum growing conditions for the crop, given the costs of providing extra lighting, heat and carbon dioxide.
What happens during photosynthesis?
Light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll, a green substance found in chloroplasts in some plant cells and algae
Absorbed light energy is used to convert carbon dioxide (from the air) and water (from the soil) into a sugar called glucose
Oxygen is released as a by-product
What conditions can be controlled in greenhouses to increase the rate of photosynthesis?
The use of artificial light allows photosynthesis to continue beyond daylight hours. Bright lights also provide a higher-than-normal light intensity.
The use of artificial heating allows photosynthesis to continue at an increased rate.
The use of additional carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere inside the greenhouse also allows photosynthesis to continue at an increased rate.
How is light intensity a limiting factor?
Without enough light, a plant cannot photosynthesise very quickly, even if there is plenty of water and carbon dioxide. Increasing the light intensity will boost the speed of photosynthesis.
What are the limiting factors of photosynthesis?
Light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration and temperature.
What is the function of muscular tissue?
Contracts, bringing about movement
What is the order of what makes up an organ system, using the digestive system as an example?
cells → tissues → organ (the stomach) → organ system (the digestive system)
What is an organ system?
Organ systems are groups of organs that carry out a particular function.
In a plant, what is the function of the mesophyll tissue?
Carries out photosynthesis
How are leaves adapted?
Chlorophyll -To absorb sunlight
Large surface area- To absorb more light
Stomata- To let carbon dioxide diffuse into the leaf
Thin- Short distance for carbon dioxide to diffuse into leaf cells
Network of veins- To support the leaf and transport water and carbohydrates
How is the internal structure of leaves adapted?
Thin, waxy cuticle made of wax- To protect the leaf without blocking out light
Thin, transparent epidermis- To allow more light to reach the palisade cells
Layer of palisade cells on the top surface- To absorb light
Many chloroplasts in the palisade cells-To increase absorption of light
Spongy mesophyll inside the leaf- Air spaces allow carbon dioxide to diffuse through the leaf, and increase the surface area
What is a tissue?
a group of specialised cells that have a similar structure and function.
What does differentiation mean?
During the development of a multicellular organism, cells differentiate so that they can carry out different functions. Differentiation is the process by which a cell becomes a specialised type of cell.
What are the tissues and organs that make up the digestive system and what is there function?
Pancreas and salivary glands: Produce digestive juices
Stomach: Digests food
Liver :Produces bile
Small intestine: Digest and absorb soluble food
Large intestine : Absorbs water from undigested food, producing faeces
In the stomach, what do the muscular tissue, the glandular tissue and the epithelial tissue do?
Muscular tissue - to churn the food and other contents of the stomach
Glandular tissue - to produce digestive juices including acid and enzymes
Epithelial tissue - to cover the inner and outer surfaces of the stomach
What are organs?
Organs contain different tissues, working together to carry out particular functions
In a plant, what is the function of the epidermal tissue?
Covers the plant
What are the organ systems in the human body?
The nervous system
The respiratory system
The reproductive system
The digestive system
What is the function of glandular tissue?
Produces substances such as enzymes and hormones
In a plant, what is the function of the xylem and the phloem?
Transport of substances around the plant
What is the function of Epithelial tissue?
Covers some parts of the body
What does the permanent vacuole do
Filled with cell sap to help keep the cell turgid
What does the mitochondria do?
Most energy is released by respiration here
What is the function of a red blood cell and how is it adapted?
Contains haemoglobin to carry oxygen to the cells. It has a thin outer membrane to let oxygen diffuse through easily. Shape increases the surface area to allow more oxygen to be absorbed efficiently. No nucleus, so the whole cell is full of haemoglobin.
What do the chloroplasts do?
Contain chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy for photosynthesis
How does diffusion in the lungs work?
In the lungs, the blood will continue to take in oxygen from the alveolar air spaces provided the concentration of oxygen there is greater than in the blood. Oxygen diffuses across the alveolar walls into the blood, and the circulation takes the oxygen-rich blood away.
What does the cell membrane do?
Controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell
What is the function of a leaf cell and how is it adapted?
Absorbs light energy for photosynthesis. It is Packed with chloroplasts. Regular shaped, closely packed cells form a continuous layer for efficient absorption of sunlight.
What do the ribosomes do?
Protein synthesis happens here
What does the cytoplasm do?
Most chemical processes take place here, controlled by enzymes
What is diffusion?
Diffusion occurs when particles spread. They move from a region where they are in high concentration to a region where they are in low concentration. Diffusion happens when the particles are free to move. This is true in gases and for particles dissolved in solutions. Particles diffuse down a concentration gradient, from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
What is the function of a sperm cell and how is it adapted?
Fertilises an egg cell - female gamete. The head contains genetic information and an enzyme to help penetrate the egg cell membrane. The middle section is packed with mitochondria for energy. The tail moves the sperm to the egg.
What is the structure of a yeast cell?
Like bacterial cells, yeast cells have cytoplasm and a membrane surrounded by a cell wall. But unlike bacterial cells, yeast cells have a nucleus.
What are bacterial cells and yeast cells?
They are single-celled organisms.
What is the structure of a bacterium?
It has cytoplasm, a membrane and a surrounding cell wall, but the genetic material in a bacterial cell is not in a distinct nucleus.
What do plant cells have that animal cells don’t?
cell wall, and chloroplasts and a permanent vacuole
What do plant and animal cells have in common?
a nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria and ribosomes.
What does the cell wall do?
Strengthens the cell
What is the function of a root hair cell and how is it adapted?
Absorbs water and mineral ions from the soil. It has a Long ‘finger-like’ process with very thin wall, which gives a large surface area.
What does the nucleus do?
Contains genetic material, which controls the activities of the cell
