B2 Flashcards

1
Q

Chromosomes

A

Contained in nucleus your genetic material in the form of chrmosomes. They are coiled up lengths of DNA molecules. Carry a large number of genes. Different genes mean different characteristics

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2
Q

Chrmosomes in body

A

23 pairs. Humans have teo copies of each chromosomes

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3
Q

Cell cycle

A

Body cells in multicellular organism divide to produce new cells. Results in two new cells identical to orginal cell, with same number of chromosomes

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4
Q

Motiosis

A

The stage in cell cycle when cell divides. Multicellular organisms use mitosis to grow or replace cells that have been damaged

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5
Q

DNA replication

A

Cell has to grow and increase amount of subcellular structures so theres one copy for each new cell. Once cell copied now ready for mitosis

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6
Q

Process of mitosis

A

Chromosomes line up at the centre of the cell and cell fubres pull them apart. The two arms of each chromosome go to opposite ends of the cell. Membranes from around each of the sets of chromosomes becoming the nuclei of two new cells. Lastly cytoplasm and membrane divide. The cell now produced two new daughter cells containing exactly the same DNA

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7
Q

Differation

A

Cell changes to become spcialised for job

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8
Q

Animal cells differentiation

A

In early life

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9
Q

Plant cell differentiation

A

Dont lose ability to be specialised

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10
Q

How are differentiated cells used

A

Repairing and replacing cells

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11
Q

Stem cells

A

Undifferentiated cells that can divide to produce lots more undifferentiated cells. They can differentiate into different types of cell depending on instruction given

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12
Q

Where can stem cells be found

A

Early human embryos or adult bone marrow

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13
Q

What do we do with stem cells

A

Can be grown in lab to produce clones and made to differentiate into specialised cells to use in medicine or research

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14
Q

Stem cells in medicine

A

Stems cells from bone marrow of healthy person can replace faulty cells in patient who recieves them

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15
Q

Embryonic stem cells

A

Also be used to replace faulty cells in sick people

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16
Q

Risk of stem cells

A

Could be contaminated with a virus which could be passed on to the patient

17
Q

Why are some against stem cell research

A

Believe human embryos shouldnt be used for experiments since each one is a potentisl human life. Some argue the life of an existing patient is more important and argue that a lot of these embryos are unwanted and would be destroyed anyway

18
Q

Stem cells in plants

A

Found in meristems(parts of plant whee growth occurs) cam differentiate into any plant cell

19
Q

How can plant stem cells be used

A

Produce clones of plants quickly and cheaply, used to grow rare species,used to grow crops of identical plants