B1.3 - Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What is meant by the term metabolic rate?

A

The speed in which chemical reactions in your cells transfer energy from its chemical stores in food

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2
Q

what is the use of vitamins and minerals in the body?

A

A variety of roles - mainly to maintain overall good health

Ie. Maintain heartbeat, build strong boned, transmit nerve impulses

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3
Q

Explain the importance of sugars in:

(a) the body
(b) synthesis of carbohydrates

A

(a) they provide the body with energy

(b) they are monomers in ‘carbohydrate’ polymers

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4
Q

Explain the importance of fatty acids and glycerol in:

(a) the body
(b) synthesis of its polymer

A

(a) - used as a store of insulation and energy

b) 1 glycerol molecule to 3 fatty acid monomers make the polymer lipid — (accuracy? - Sod’s law

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5
Q

Explain the importance of animo acids in:

(a) the body
(b) synthesis of proteins

A

(a) used for growth and repair of body tissues

(b) animo acid monomers make protein polymers

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6
Q

when fungi respire anaerobically is it

  • exothermic
  • or endothermic
A

exothermic

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7
Q

What enzyme breaks down carbohydrates?

What enzyme breaks down starch?

A

carbohydrase

starch = amylase

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8
Q

What determines the protein that is synthesised?

A

The order in which animo acids are joined together

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9
Q

what enzyme breaks down protein molecules?

A

protease

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10
Q

what enzyme breaks down lipid molecules?

A

lipase

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11
Q

once food molecules are fully digested, what happens to them?

A

1) they are absorbed into your bloodstream

2) and then travel to the cells that need them

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12
Q

state the word equation for aerobic respiration

A

oxygen + glucose ——> carbon dioxide + water

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13
Q

state the chemical equation for aerobic respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 602 -> 6CO2 + 6H20

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14
Q

why does aerobic respiration occur?

A

To react glucose with oxygen so energy can be released (or stored as ATP)

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15
Q

What is ATP?

A
  • Adenosine Triphosphate

- a chemical energy store in the body

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16
Q

How is ATP used once produced during respiration?

3 uses

A
  • to synthesise larger molecules from smaller ones (to make new cell material) - ie. larger substrates
  • for movement
    ie. animals use ATP to contract muscle cells
  • to stay warm
    ie. an increased rate of reaction allows more energy by heating (keep body warm)
17
Q

Where does respiration occur?

A

In the mitochondria of a cell

18
Q

describe cellular respiration - spec

A
  • a universal chemical process

- that continuously occurs and supplies ATP in all living cells

19
Q

what does the number of mitochondria in a cell show, and what does it mean for muscle cells?

A

how active the cell is

Since muscle cells have a lot of mitochondria, it means they are very active (as they contract very often and so have to transfer a lot of energy)

20
Q

how are mitochondria adapted to efficiently respire?

A
  • they have folded inner membrane which gives a large surface area
    (This provides more space for more metabolising proteins and therefore they are able to create more energy at one time.)
21
Q

state the word equation for anaerobic respiration in animals

A

glucose —-> lactic acid

22
Q

state the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and bacteria

A

glucose ——> ethanol + carbon dioxide

23
Q

State one advantage of respiring aerobically compared to anaerobically

A

more ATP is produced during anaerobic respiration

24
Q

State one disadvantage of respiring anaerobically

A

lactic acid is produced - which causes pain and stops the muscle from contracting (known as fatigue)
+ cramp

25
Q

what is oxygen debt?

A

when extra oxygen inhaled is required to break down lactic acid (produced by anaerobic respiration)

26
Q

state one similarity and three difference between anaerobic respiration in plants and in animals

A
  • both have glucose as a reactant
  • Plants do not produce lactic acid, they produce ethanol
    or
  • plants produce carbon dioxide as a product, animals do not in anaerobic respiration
    or
  • buildup of ethanol can kill plants, build up of lactic acid cannot kill animals (only muscle cramps)
27
Q

state the difference between a monomer and a polymer

A

a monomer is made from single units and a polymer is made from multiple bonded units

28
Q

how many more molecules of ATP are produced by aerobic respiration compared to anaerobic respiration?

A

36

29
Q

Give an example of anaerobic respiration in plants/bacteria

A
  • fermentation

- yeast blooming

30
Q

Is cellular respiration exothermic or endothermic?

and why

A

Exothermic

- body heats up by itself (as respiration is constantly occurring)