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Bio B1-B3 > B1.1 > Flashcards

B1.1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Nucleus:

  • what is it’s purpose (2)
  • what does it contain
A

+ Controls the activities of the cell
+ Contains organism’s genetic material, arranged as chromosomes - this determines the cells appearance and function
+ Contains instructions to make new cells or organisms

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2
Q

What happens within the mitochondria?

  • what does it contain to enable this process
  • how does that help the body
A

+ where respiration happens
+ enzymes there enable glucose and oxygen to react together
+ reactions transfer vital energy to the organism

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3
Q

What is the Cell membrane do?

- why may it be called a ‘sense organ’?

A

+ Acts as a barrier that controls which substances pass in and out of the cell
+ Membrane also contains receptor molecules

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4
Q

Cytoplasm

A

+ A ‘jellylike’ substance

+ where chemical reactions happen

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5
Q

Do Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus?

A

Eukaryotic cells

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6
Q

State key facts about Eukaryotic cells

  • size
  • example of them
  • size relative to other cells
A

+ between 10 μm and 100 μm (micrometers)
+ Plant and Animal cells are an example
+ They are generally large and complex
+ Larger than prokaryotic cells

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7
Q

State key facts about Prokaryotic cells

A 
\+ do NOT contain a nucleus
\+ genetic material floats in the cytoplasm 
\+ 1 μm to 10 μm 
\+ Bacterial cells are an example 
\+ Smaller than Prokaryotic cells
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8
Q

What is the role of Chloroplasts?

  • what does it contain to enable that
  • where is it found
A

+ where photosynthesis occurs
+ Contain green chlorophyll
+ which transfers energy from the Sun to the plant as light
+ Only in green parts of plant

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9
Q

What is the role of the Cell wall?

- what is it made of

A

+ Made of tough fibre called cellulose

+ Supports the cell from falling

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10
Q

What is the role of Vacuole?

- what is within it

A

+ Full of cell sap, a watery solution of sugar and salts

+ Helps keep the cell rigid and upright

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11
Q

How many micrometers are in a meter?

1 μ

A

1,000,000

one million

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12
Q

State the difference between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells

A

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and prokaryotic cells do not.
Eukaryotic cells are larger than Prokaryotic cells.

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13
Q

State the similarities and differences between animal and plant cells

A

Similarities - Cytoplasm, Cell membrane, Nucleus, Mitochondria, ribosomes
Differences - Plants have cell wall, vacuole, chloroplasts

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14
Q

How does a light microscope work?

A

Light is passed through an object on the stage and then eyepiece lenses are used to see the object in more detail

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15
Q

What are light microscopes used for?

A

To observe small structures in detail

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16
Q

State 7 components of a light microscope

A
  • eyepiece lens
  • objective lens
  • stage
  • slide
  • light
  • fine focus
  • coarse focus
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17
Q

What is the first three stages to observe cells using a light microscope?

A

1) Move the stage to its lowest position
2) Select the objective lens with the lowest magnification
3) Place the slide (with the cells) on the stage

18
Q

What are the last four stages to observe a cell using a light microscope?

A

4) Raise the stage to the highest position, taking care the slide does not touch the lens
4) Turn the coarse focus knob -to lower the stage, until you can see the object
5) Turn the fine focus knob, until object comes into clear focus
6) to see the cell clearer, repeat the steps using a higher magnification

19
Q

What is the equation to find out the total magnification of a microscope?

A

eyepiece lens magnification x objective lens magnification

20
Q

Why are cells stained when observed under a microscope?

A
  • to increase the contrast
  • since cells are colourless
  • the stains are used to see sub-cellular features
21
Q

Explain what the term “higher resolution” means

A

The image/cell is seen in high detail

22
Q

What is an iodine solution stain used for?

A

makes it easier to see plant cell nuclei

23
Q

What is methylene blue stain used for?

A

makes it easier to see the nucleus of an animal cell

24
Q

What is the crystal violet stain used for?

A

stains bacterial cell walls

25
Q

What is the resolution of a light microscope?

A

2 x 10^-7 m = 0.2 micrometers

2 x 10 to the power of -7

26
Q

How do TEM work?

A

1) beam of electrons pass through a thin slice of the sample
2) Beam is focused to produce an image

27
Q

How does a SEM work?

A

1) sends a beam of electrons across the surface of a specimen
2) the reflected electrons are collected to produce an image

28
Q

What does TEM stand for?

And what dimension does it come in?

A

Transmission Electron Microscope

2D - ELECTRONS TRANSMIT THROUGH SAMPLE

29
Q

What does SEM stand for?

And what dimension does it come in

A

Scanning electron microscope

3D - SCANS OVER OBJECT

30
Q

State 4 advantages of a light microscope compared with an electron microscope

A
  • Cheap to buy and operate
  • Small and portable
  • Specimens can be living or dead
  • Natural colour of sample can be seen
31
Q

State 4 features of a electron microscope

+ WHAT is resolution of electron microscope

A
  • High resolution ( up to 0.1nm - 1x 10^-10m)
  • Large and difficult to move
  • Expensive
  • Specimens must be dead
  • Black and White images produced
32
Q

How has electron microscopy increased our understanding of subcellular structures?

A

It has allowed scientists to see detail within subcellular structures

33
Q

what is the magnitude of this symbol:

μm

A

MICROMETER

10^-6m

34
Q

what is the magnitude of this symbol:

nm

A

nano-meter

10^-9

35
Q

define monomer

A

a single molecule that can be bound to many copies of itself to make a larger molecule

36
Q

define polymer

A

a molecule composed of many repeating monomers

37
Q

give one use of the breakdown product of proteins in cells

A
  • to use animo acids to make new proteins
38
Q

What is the formula to work out the magnification of a picture?

A

image size
————
actual size

i
a\m

39
Q

What’s important about ribosomes?

A
  • allow Translation to occur

- are the site of ‘protein synthesis’

40
Q

Define magnification

A

How many times larger an image is seen through a microscope compared to a real specimen

41
Q

Define resolution

A

The ability to distinguish between two or more objects close together

The smallest distance between 2 points that can be seen as separate entities

42
Q

How to apply a stain

A

1 - place the cells on a glass slide
2 - add one drop of stain
3 - place a coverslip on top
4 - tap the coverslip gently with a pencil to remove air bubbles

Bio B1-B3 (15 decks)

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