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Biology core edexcel > B1.2 Responses to a changing envioronment > Flashcards

B1.2 Responses to a changing envioronment Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the internal environment?

A

The conditions inside the body

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2
Q

What can happen if too much water is trapped within the body?

A

Swellings and high blood pressure

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3
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The process of keeping the internal environment stable

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4
Q

What does the body lose water through?

A
  • breath
  • sweat
  • urine
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5
Q

Where is sweat produced?

A

The sweat glands

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6
Q

What is osmoregulation?

A

The control of water in the body

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7
Q

What temperature does the body maintain?

A

37 degrees

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8
Q

What is thermoregulation?

A

The control of body temperature

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9
Q

What part of the brain monitors temperature?

A

The hypothalamus

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10
Q

What layer of the skin are nerve endings found at?

A

The dermis

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11
Q

How does the hypothalamus receive information about temperature?

A
  • through the nerve endings in the dermis of the skin

- from the blood inside the body

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12
Q

How does the hypothalamus increase temperature when the body’s temperature goes below 37 degrees?

A
  • cause muscles to shiver
  • cause the erector muscles in the dermis to contract
  • vasoconstriction
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13
Q

How does shivering increase the temperature of the body?

A

The respiration from shivering releases heat

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14
Q

What happens when the erector muscles contract?

A

The body hairs stand upright

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15
Q

How does contracting the erector muscles increase temperature?

A

When the body hairs stand up they can trap more air next to the skin to be used as insulation

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16
Q

What gland is oil released from?

A

The sebaceous gland

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17
Q

What do oils released from the sebaceous glands do?

A

Keep the skin well lubricated and in good condition

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18
Q

How does vasoconstriction increase temperature?

A

Less heat from the blood is lost to the air

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19
Q

How does the hypothalamus decrease the body’s temperature when it is over 37 degrees?

A
  • vasodilation

- sweating

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20
Q

How does sweating decrease temperature?

A

When sweat evaporates it transfers heat energy from the skin to its surroundings

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21
Q

How does vasodilation decrease temperature?

A

It increases blood flow to the surface of the skin so that it’s easier for the blood to lose heat to air

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22
Q

What is the uppermost layer of skin called?

A

The epidermis

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23
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

The constriction of blood vessels

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24
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

The dilation of blood vessels

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25
Q

What do sense organs do?

A

Detect changes inside and outside of the body

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26
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

Something that causes a response

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27
Q

What cells detect stimuli?

A

Receptor cells

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28
Q

What are impulses?

A

Electrical signals that carry information

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29
Q

What is another name for a neurone?

A

A nerve cell

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30
Q

What do impulses travel along?

A

Neurones

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31
Q

What is the travelling of impulses along neurones called?

A

Neurotransmission

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32
Q

What is a dendron?

A

Extension of a neurone that carries impulses to the cell body

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33
Q

What are dendrites?

A

The fine extensions of a dendron that collect impulses from other neurones or receptors

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34
Q

What is an axon?

A

The long extension of a neurone that carries an impulse away from the cell body towards other neurones

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35
Q

What are nerves?

A

Bundles of neurones packed together

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36
Q

What does CNS stand for?

A

Central Nervous System

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37
Q

What organs make up the central nervous system?

A

The brain and the spinal cord

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38
Q

What does the CNS do?

A

Control the body

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39
Q

What is the thickest nerve in the body?

A

The sciatic nerve

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40
Q

How long is an adult spinal cord?

A

43-45cm

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41
Q

How wide is the sciatic nerve?

A

1.5cm in diameter

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42
Q

What does an effector do?

A

Carry out actions

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43
Q

What neurones receive impulses from receptor cells?

A

Sensory neurones

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44
Q

What neurones take impulses to effectors?

A

Motor neurones

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45
Q

What do relay neurones do?

A

Link sensory and motor neurones

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46
Q

Where are relay neurones found?

A

The spinal cord

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47
Q

What is the myelin sheath?

A

The fatty layer surrounding axons in neurones

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48
Q

What does the myelin sheath do?

A
  • protect from surrounding tissue and other neurones

- helps the impulses be carried faster

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49
Q

What is a synapse?

A

The small gap between one neurone and another

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50
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

Chemicals that carry impulses across synapses

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51
Q

How do synapses make sure that an impulse is only sent in one direction?

A

They can only be released from axon endings

52
Q

How big is the gap in a synapse?

A

0.00002cm wide

53
Q

What are reflexes?

A

Actions that are automatic

54
Q

What are the benefits of reflexes?

A

They are extremely quick so they protect the body

55
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

A neurone pathway in which a sensory neurone directly controls a motor neurone

56
Q

What are coordinated responses?

A

Responses that require conscious thought

57
Q

Why are reflexes faster than coordinated responses?

A

Reflex arcs bypass parts of the brain involved in conscious thought

58
Q

What are some examples of human reflexes?

A
  • the knee jerk reflex
  • the pupils constricting in strong light
  • blinking if something flies towards your face
59
Q

What are hormones produced by?

A

Endocrine glands

60
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers

61
Q

What happens when human growth hormone increases?

A

Muscles and bones start to grow at a faster rate

62
Q

What is a target organ?

A

The organ on which a hormone has an effect

63
Q

What happens to the concentration of blood glucose after a meal?

A

It increases

64
Q

What does insulin do?

A

Makes cells take glucose out of the blood and turn them into glycogen

65
Q

Where is insulin released from?

A

The pancreas

66
Q

What does the body do when there is too much glucose in the blood?

A

Release insulin

67
Q

What is glycogen?

A

The storage material of glucose

68
Q

Where is ADH released from?

A

The pituitary gland

69
Q

Where is adrenaline released from?

A

The adrenal glands

70
Q

What does adrenaline do?

A

Speed up the heart rate

71
Q

Where is glucagon produced?

A

The pancreas

72
Q

What does glucagon do?

A

Cause cells to convert glycogen into glucose

73
Q

What causes the development of female reproductive organs during puberty?

A

Oestrogen

74
Q

What causes the development of male reproductive organs during puberty?

A

Testosterone

75
Q

What produces testosterone in males?

A

The testes

76
Q

What produces oestrogen in females?

A

The ovaries

77
Q

What percentage of diabetics have Type 1 diabetes?

A

5-10%

78
Q

What is diabetes?

A

A disease where the body cannot control blood glucose very well

79
Q

What happens if blood glucose concentrations are too low?

A

Unconsciousness

80
Q

What happens if blood glucose concentration levels are too high?

A

Tiredness and damage to the organs

81
Q

What happens if blood glucose concentration is very high?

A

The kidneys get rid of glucose by putting it in urine

82
Q

What causes Type 1 diabetes?

A

The pancreas doesn’t produce insulin

83
Q

Where does insulin need to be injected?

A

The subcutaneous fat layer

84
Q

What do people with Type 1 diabetes do to help with their disease?

A
  • inject insulin everyday

- exercise

85
Q

Why is insulin injected into the subcutaneous fat layer?

A

Fat absorbs insulin more easily

86
Q

What happens to insulin levels when someone exercises?

A

They decrease

87
Q

What causes type 2 diabetes?

A

The cells become resistant to insulin

88
Q

What factors cause a risk of Type 2 diabetes?

A
  • high-fat diets
  • lack of exercise
  • getting older
  • being obese
89
Q

How do people class obese people?

A

They find their BMI and if it is over 30 they are obese

90
Q

What does BMI stand for?

A

Body mass index

91
Q

How do you calculate BMI?

A

BMI = mass in kg/height in metres squared

92
Q

How can you control Type 2 diabetes?

A

By changing the person’s diet and increasing the amount of exercise they do

93
Q

What is a tropism?

A

A response to stimuli by growing towards or away from it

94
Q

What is phototropism?

A

A tropism caused by light

95
Q

What is a negative tropism?

A

When something grows away from a stimulus

96
Q

What tropism do plant roots have?

A

Negative phototropism

97
Q

What tropism do plant shoots have?

A

Positive phototropism

98
Q

Why are shoots positively phototropic?

A

To get enough light for photosynthesis

99
Q

What are plant growth substances?

A

Plant hormones

100
Q

What hormone causes positive phototropism in plant shoots?

A

Auxin

101
Q

Where are auxins produced?

A

The tip of shoots and roots

102
Q

What does auxin in plant shoots do?

A

Cause the elongation of cells

103
Q

Where do auxins go when light is put on a shoot?

A

The shaded side

104
Q

How do auxins cause shoots to grow towards the light?

A

They elongate cells on the shades side so that the shoot curves towards the light

105
Q

What is geotropism?

A

Growth towards gravity

106
Q

What is another name for geotropism?

A

Positive gravitotropism

107
Q

What does auxin in plant root tips do?

A

Cause cells to stop elongating

108
Q

What causes geotropism in plant roots?

A

Auxin

109
Q

How does the geotropism of plant roots help the plant?

A
  • anchors the plant in place

- helps it reach moisture underground

110
Q

What happens when a seed germinates?

A

Roots and a shoot start to grow

111
Q

What does gibberellin do?

A

Cause starch stored in a seed to convert into sugars

112
Q

Why is gibberellin produced?

A
  • so that a seed has enough energy to germinate

- to stimulate flower and fruit production in some species

113
Q

When is gibberellin produced?

A

At the beginning of germination

114
Q

What conditions do some seeds need before they germinate?

A

Periods of darkness and cold

115
Q

What is selective weedkiller made from?

A

Artificial auxin

116
Q

What does selective weedkiller kill?

A

Plants with broad leaves like daisies and dandelions

117
Q

How does selective weedkiller work?

A

It causes weeds with broad leaves to grow out of control and die while leaving crops with narrow leaves unaffected

118
Q

What is artificial auxin used for?

A
  • selective weedkiller

- rooting powders

119
Q

What are rooting powders used for?

A

It makes cuttings develop roots more quickly

120
Q

What are the benefits of using cuttings to produce plants?

A

Large numbers of the same plant can be produced in comparison to growing them with seeds

121
Q

Where are plant hormones sprayed to produce seedless fruit?

A

The flowers

122
Q

What hormones are fruits sprayed with to make them bigger?

A

Gibberellins

123
Q

What controls the ripening of fruit in a plant?

A

Hormones

124
Q

What happens when hormones are sprayed on fruit trees?

A
  • it stops the fruit from falling off

- it speeds up the ripening process

125
Q

Why are plant hormones sprayed on fruit trees to stop fruit falling off?

A
  • so that they don’t fall and get damaged

- so that they grow bigger

126
Q

Why are plant hormones sprayed on fruit trees to speed up ripening?

A

So that all the fruit ripens together and they can all be picked in one go

127
Q

Why are plant hormones sprayed on unripe fruit?

A

To make them ripe

Biology core edexcel (3 decks)

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