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Biology core edexcel > B1.1 Classification, variation and inheritance > Flashcards

B1.1 Classification, variation and inheritance Flashcards

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1
Q

What are characteristics?

A

The features of an organism

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2
Q

What is classification?

A

The grouping of organisms based on their characteristics

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3
Q

What is the order of the different classification levels?

A
  • kingdom
  • phylum
  • class
  • order
  • family
  • genus
  • species
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4
Q

What are the five different types of kingdoms of organisms?

A
  • animalia
  • plantae
  • fungi
  • protoctista
  • prokaryotae
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5
Q

What does unicellular mean?

A

Single-celled

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6
Q

What does it mean when an organism is multicellular?

A

It is made of many cells

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7
Q

Do bacteria contain a nucleus?

A

No

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8
Q

What process do plants use to make their food?

A

Photosynthesis

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9
Q

What does it mean when an organism is autotrophic?

A

It can make its own food from substances that weren’t alive

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10
Q

What does it mean when an organism is heterotrophic?

A

It gets food by eating and digesting other organisms

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11
Q

What does it mean when an organism is saprophytic?

A

It gets food by digesting dead or decaying organisms outside the body

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12
Q

What kingdom are organisms that don’t contain a nucleus from?

A

Prokaryotae

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13
Q

What are the main characteristics of organisms in the kingdom animalia?

A
  • multicellular
  • heterotrophic feeders
  • no cell walls
  • complex cell structure
  • contains nucleus
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14
Q

What are the main characteristics of organisms in the kingdom plantae?

A
  • multicellular
  • autotrophic
  • have cell walls
  • complex cell structure
  • nucleus
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15
Q

What are the main characteristics of organisms in the kingdom fungi?

A
  • multicellular
  • cell walls
  • saprophytic
  • complex cell structure
  • nucleus
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16
Q

What are the main characteristics of organisms in the kingdom protoctista?

A
  • mostly unicellular (some multicellular)
  • complex cell structure
  • nucleus
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17
Q

What are the main characteristics of organisms in the kingdom prokaryotae?

A
  • unicellular
  • simple cell structure
  • no nucleus
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18
Q

What are the cell walls of fungi made from?

A

Chitin

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19
Q

What are the cell walls of plants made from?

A

Cellulose

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20
Q

Why aren’t viruses considered to be alive?

A

They don’t carry out all of the seven life processes

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21
Q

What are vertebrates?

A

Animals with a backbone

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22
Q

What phylum do all vertebrates belong to?

A

Chordata

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23
Q

What are invertebrates?

A

Animals that don’t have a backbone

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24
Q

What are the different ways animals can absorb oxygen?

A
  • by their gills
  • through the skin
  • with their lungs
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25
Q

What are the five different groups of vertebrates?

A
  • fish
  • amphibians
  • mammals
  • reptiles
  • birds
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26
Q

What is external fertilisation?

A

Fertilisation that happens outside the body

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27
Q

What is internal fertilisation?

A

Fertilisation that happens inside the body

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28
Q

What do oviparous animals do?

A

Lay eggs

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29
Q

What do viviparous animals do?

A

Give birth to live young

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30
Q

What does it mean when an animal is a homeotherm?

A

It keeps its body temperature constant, and it’s often warmer than its surroundings

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31
Q

What does it mean when an animal is a poikilotherm?

A

It’s temperature varies with its surroundings

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32
Q

What is a specie?

A

A group of organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring

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33
Q

What does fertile mean?

A

Able to reproduce

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34
Q

What are hybrids?

A

The offspring of two closely related different species

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35
Q

Are hybrids usually fertile or infertile?

A

Infertile

36
Q

What does infertile mean?

A

Unable to reproduce

37
Q

What are ring species?

A

A chain of different populations that can interbreed with near populations except for the two at the end of the chain

38
Q

What is variation?

A

Differences in characteristics

39
Q

What does accurate classification allow biologists to do?

A
  • easily identify existing species and new species
  • see how organisms are related
  • identify areas of greater and lesser biodiversity
40
Q

What is biodiversity?

A

The measure of the total number of different species in an area

41
Q

What are the benefits of an area being more biodiverse?

A
  • more living things to produce food and medicines from

- they are better at recovering from natural disasters

42
Q

What are biodiversity hotspots?

A

Areas of high biodiversity

43
Q

What is continuous variation?

A

Value that can be any number within a certain range

44
Q

What is discontinuous variation?

A

Variation that only has a fixed set of values

45
Q

What type of variation can affect human height?

A

Inherited and environmental variation

46
Q

What are adaptions?

A

Characteristics that allow an organism to survive in a habitat

47
Q

What is a habitat?

A

The place where an organism lives

48
Q

What adaptions do polar bears have for their habitat?

A
  • small ears to stop losing too much heat
  • white fur for camouflage
  • thick layer of blubber for insulation
  • rough soles of feet to grip ice
  • large feet to spread out weight, stop sinking and be good at swimming
  • thick fur for insulation
49
Q

What adaptions do deep sea worms have for hydrothermal vents?

A
  • has a papery tube to protect from predators
  • no eyes but sensitive tentacles because they live in complete darkness
  • covered in a thick layer of bacteria that protects against the high heat
50
Q

What does the normal distribution curve show?

A

The greatest amount of individuals with the same variation values in the middle and those with more extreme values at the beginning and end of the curve

51
Q

What is an acquired characteristic?

A

A characteristic caused by the environment instead of genes

52
Q

Why do many offspring die before they reach adulthood?

A

There aren’t enough resources for them all

53
Q

What causes competition between organisms?

A

Limited resources

54
Q

What is natural selection?

A

The process where organisms with variations better adapted to the environment are more likely to survive and those that don’t die

55
Q

Who came up with the theory of evolution?

A

Charles Darwin

56
Q

What does it mean when a species is extinct?

A

All of them have died out

57
Q

What is evolution?

A

The gradual change of a species over time because of natural selection

58
Q

What does it mean when a specie is resistant to something?

A

It isn’t affected by it

59
Q

What is speciation?

A

The process by which a species spreads to different places and the environmental factors cause adaptions that turn them all into separate species that can no longer interbreed

60
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

A strand of DNA

61
Q

Where is DNA found?

A

In the nucleus

62
Q

Where are genes found?

A

In chromosomes

63
Q

What is inherited variation?

A

Variation caused by genes inherited from parents

64
Q

What are alleles?

A

Different forms of the same gene

65
Q

What do genes do?

A

Give instructions for a particular cell activity or the production of a protein

66
Q

How many copies of a chromosome are there in a body cell nucleus?

A

Two

67
Q

How many chromosomes does a human body cell contain?

A

46

68
Q

What are gametes?

A

Sex cells

69
Q

What are the male gametes in animals?

A

Sperm cells

70
Q

What are the male gametes in plants?

A

Pollen grains

71
Q

What are the female gametes in plants and animals?

A

Egg cells

72
Q

Why are gametes different to most body cells?

A

They only have one copy of each chromosome instead of two

73
Q

What does it mean when an allele is dominant?

A

It will always have an effect

74
Q

What does it mean if an allele is recessive?

A

It will only have effect if there is no dominant allele present

75
Q

What is the genotype?

A

The alleles in an organism

76
Q

What is the phenotype?

A

What an organism looks like

77
Q

What does it mean when a gene is homozygous?

A

Both its alleles are the same

78
Q

What does it mean when a gene is heterozygous?

A

It’s alleles are different

79
Q

In what two ways can a genotype be shown?

A
  • a genetic cross diagram

- a Punnett square

80
Q

What causes a genetic disorder?

A

Faulty alleles

81
Q

Why can people with sickle cell disease have painful joints?

A

Their red blood cells stick together and block blood vessels

82
Q

Why can sickle cell disease be fatal?

A

It can cause blocked blood vessels

83
Q

What are the symptoms of sickle cell disease?

A
  • tiredness
  • shortness of breath
  • painful joints
84
Q

Why do people with sickle cell disease have trouble breathing?

A

Their red blood cell cells are sickle-shaped instead of globular so they can’t pick up oxygen as well

85
Q

Why can cystic fibrosis cause weight loss?

A

Mucus can block some of the tubes that carry enzymes to the small intestine to digest food

86
Q

Why do people with cystic fibrosis have trouble breathing?

A

Their lungs get clogged with a thick mucus

87
Q

What does the thick mucus in people with cystic fibrosis increase the risk of?

A

Infections

Biology core edexcel (3 decks)

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