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Biology - B1 > B1.2 Nerves and hormones > Flashcards

B1.2 Nerves and hormones Flashcards

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1
Q

what are stimuli?

A

Changes in the environment

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2
Q

Name some receptors and what they detect

A

Receptors in the EYE are sensitive to LIGHT

Receptors in the EARS are sensitive to SOUND, CHANGES IN POSITION and enable us to keep our balance.

Receptors on the TOUNGE are sensitive to CHEMICALS and allow us to taste

Receptors in the NOSE are sensitive to CHEMICALS and allow us to smell

Receptors in the SKIN are sensitive to TOUCH, PRESSURE, PAIN, TEMPERATURE CHANGES.

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3
Q

What are the features of light receptor cells?

A

nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane

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4
Q

information from receptors passes along….

A

neurones in nerves to the brain. The brain coordinates a response.

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5
Q

What are the advantages of reflex action?

A

Rapid

Automatic

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6
Q

What is a synapse?

A

A connection between 2 neurones.

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7
Q

Describe a simple reflex action

A
  • receptor detects a stimulus
  • impulses from a receptor pass along a sensory neurone to the central nervous system (CNS)
  • Chemicals diffuse across a synapse to relay neurone
  • Chemicals diffuse across synapse to motor neurone
  • Impulse reaches an effector which responds by contracting if it is a muscle or by secreting a substance if it is a gland
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8
Q

What 4 internal conditions are controlled in the body?

A

Water, Ions, Temperature, Blood sugar levels.

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9
Q

How is the water content of the body controlled?

A

water leaves the body via the LUNGS when we breathe out and via the SKIN when we sweat to cool us down. Excess water is lost via the KIDNEYS in urine.

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10
Q

How is the ion content in the body controlled?

A

ions are lost via the SKIN when we sweat. Excess ions are lost via the KIDNEYS in the urine.

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11
Q

Why is it important to control the temperature in our body?

A

to maintain the temperature in which enzymes work best

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12
Q

Why is it important to control our blood sugar levels?

A

To provide our cells with a constant supply of energy.

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13
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers which travel in the blood to activate target cells.

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14
Q

What secretes hormones?

A

glands

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15
Q

How do hormones travel around the body?

A

in the bloodstream

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16
Q

What do hormones do?

A

regulate the functions of many organs and cells

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17
Q

Describe the hormones involved in the menstrual cycle

A

Follicle stimulating Hormone (FSH) is secreted by the PITUITARY GLAND and causes eggs to mature in the ovaries. Stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen.

Luteinising hormone (LH) stimulates the release of eggs from the ovary

Oestrogen is secreted by the ovaries and inhibits the further production of FSH.

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18
Q

what is the function of the nervous system?

A

enables humans to react to their surroundings and coordinate their behaviour.

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19
Q

Describe how you can control fertility

A

Take an oral contraceptive which contains hormones to inhibit FSH production so that no eggs mature.

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20
Q

What do oral contraceptives contain?

A

oestrogen, progesterone

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21
Q

What was the problem with oral contraceptives and how has this been solved?

A
  • First birth control pills contained large amounts of oestrogen. These resulted in people suffering significant side effects.
  • Now contain much less oestrogen or are progesterone only.
  • Progesterone only - fewer side effects.
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22
Q

What are some pros with the pill?

A
  • over 99% effective at preventing pregnancy

- Reduces the risk of getting some types of cancer

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23
Q

What are some cons of the pill?

A
  • Is not 100% effective
  • Can cause side effects- headaches
  • Does not protect against STDs
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24
Q

Describe In Vitro Fertilisation

A

Mother receives FSH and LH to stimulate maturation of several eggs.

Eggs collected from mother and artificially fertilised by sperm of father.

Fertilised eggs develop into embryos.

At the stage when they are tiny balls of cells, one or two embryos are inserted into the mothers womb.

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25
Q

What is a pro of IVF?

A

Gives a couple a child

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26
Q

What are some cons of IVF?

A
  • Side effects- Vomiting
  • Expensive
  • Multiple Births can happen- increase risk of miscarriage
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27
Q

What 3 things are plants sensitive to?

A

Light, Moisture, Gravity

28
Q

What direction do plants SHOOTS grow to?

A

Towards light and against the force of gravity

29
Q

What direction do plants roots grow towards to?

A

Towards moisture and in the direction of the force of gravity

30
Q

What is auxin?

A

A plant hormone that controls the growth near the tips of shoots and roots.

31
Q

What does auxin control?

A

phototropism and gravitropism

32
Q

Describe what happens to the auxin when a shoot grows towards the light?

A
  • More auxin accumulates on the side that is in the shade than the side that’s in the light. there is an UNEQUAL distribution.
  • This makes the cells elongate and grow faster on the shaded side, so the shoot bends towards the light.
33
Q

Describe what happens to the auxin when the shoot grows away from gravity

A
  • When a shoot is growing sideways, gravity produces an unequal distribution of auxin in the tip, with more auxin in the lower side.
  • This causes the lower side to grow faster, causing the shoot to bend upwards.
34
Q

Describe what happens to the auxin when the roots grow towards gravity.

A
  • A root growing sideways will have more auxin on its lower side.
  • BUT in the root, extra auxin INHIBITS grown.
  • The cells on top elongate faster causing the root to bend downwards
35
Q

Describe what happens to the auxin when roots grow towards moisture.

A
  • An uneven amount of moisture either side of the root produces more auxin on the side with more moisture.
  • This inhibits growth on that side, causing the root to bend to that side, towards the moisture.
36
Q

Describe how plant hormones can be used in agriculture

A

Dipping cuttings in ROOTING HORMONE which contains auxin, casing them to produce roots.

As Weed Killers

37
Q

Describe the 4 stages of the menstrual cycle

A

1) BLEEDING STARTS- uterus lining breaks down
2) lining of uterus build up
3) egg is released
4) wall maintained - 14 days

38
Q

What does the central nervous system consist of?

A

Brain

Spinal Cord

39
Q

Where does the detection of light occur on a shoot?

A

in the tip

40
Q

Where in a plant shoot does the response to light take place?

A

behind the tip

41
Q

Suggest why there are many touch receptors in a person’s finger tips?

A

to increase sensitivity

42
Q

Where is oestrogen produced?

A

ovaries

43
Q

Where is FSH produced?

A

in the pituitary gland

44
Q

Where is auxin produced?

A

The tip of plant stems and roots

45
Q

What hormone causes eggs to mature?

A

FSH

46
Q

What hormone causes the growth of the uterus lining?

A

oestrogen

47
Q

Suggest why IVF clinics have set targets to reduce multiple births

A

multiple births lead to low birth weight

multiple births cause possible harm to mother/baby

increase risk of miscarriages

48
Q

What do receptor cells in the skin respond to?

A

touch, temperature, pressure, pain

49
Q

Explain how plant hormones can be used as weed killer

A

give lots of auxin- plant grows out of control

50
Q

Explain how plant hormones can be used as rooting hormones

A

dip a plant clipping into a little bit of auxin- stimulates roots

51
Q

Where is LH produced?

A

in the pituitary gland

52
Q

How are hormones transported to their target organs?

A

in the blood stream

53
Q

What are hormones secreted by?

A

glands

54
Q

What hormones are in a ‘fertility drug’ ?

A

FSH and LH

55
Q

Name a plant hormone

A

auxin

56
Q

What is the name given to a junction connecting 2 neurones?

A

synapse

57
Q

What form is information passed over a synapse?

A

as chemicals

58
Q

Hormones control the monthly release of an egg from the woman’s….

A

ovaries

59
Q

Hormones control the thickness of the lining of a women’s…..

A

womb

60
Q

Hormones given to a women to stimulate the release of eggs are called …… drugs

A

fertility

61
Q

Explain why a plant stem grows upwards

A

gravity causes an unequal distribution of auxin, with more on the lower side of the stem

auxin stimulates the growth of cells on the lower side of the stem

62
Q

Describe the reflex action when somebody touches a hot pan

A

heat is detected by temperature receptors in the skin

impulses travel along the sensory neurone to the CNS

impulses diffuse as chemicals across a synapse

impulses move across the relay neurone

impulses reach muscle via motor neurone

muscle contracts to move hand away

63
Q

Explain how information passes from the relay neurone to the motor neurone

A

there is a release of a chemical

the chemical diffuses across the synapse

the chemical attaches to the motor neurone

64
Q

What was the drug thalidomide originally developed to treat?

A

poor sleeping

65
Q

Suggest why the harmful effect of thalidomide had not been detected during clinical trials on thalidomide

A

as the drug was not tested on pregnant women

66
Q

What happens in the body to make someone dependant on a drug?

A

it changes chemical processes

67
Q

Describe the function of receptors in the skin

A

detect changes in the surroundings

and convert information to impulses to send to the brain

Biology - B1 (8 decks)

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