Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology - B1 > B1.2 Nerves and hormones > Flashcards

B1.2 Nerves and hormones Flashcards

1
Q

what are stimuli?

A

Changes in the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name some receptors and what they detect

A

Receptors in the EYE are sensitive to LIGHT

Receptors in the EARS are sensitive to SOUND, CHANGES IN POSITION and enable us to keep our balance.

Receptors on the TOUNGE are sensitive to CHEMICALS and allow us to taste

Receptors in the NOSE are sensitive to CHEMICALS and allow us to smell

Receptors in the SKIN are sensitive to TOUCH, PRESSURE, PAIN, TEMPERATURE CHANGES.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the features of light receptor cells?

A

nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

information from receptors passes along….

A

neurones in nerves to the brain. The brain coordinates a response.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the advantages of reflex action?

A

Rapid

Automatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a synapse?

A

A connection between 2 neurones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe a simple reflex action

A
  • receptor detects a stimulus
  • impulses from a receptor pass along a sensory neurone to the central nervous system (CNS)
  • Chemicals diffuse across a synapse to relay neurone
  • Chemicals diffuse across synapse to motor neurone
  • Impulse reaches an effector which responds by contracting if it is a muscle or by secreting a substance if it is a gland
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What 4 internal conditions are controlled in the body?

A

Water, Ions, Temperature, Blood sugar levels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How is the water content of the body controlled?

A

water leaves the body via the LUNGS when we breathe out and via the SKIN when we sweat to cool us down. Excess water is lost via the KIDNEYS in urine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How is the ion content in the body controlled?

A

ions are lost via the SKIN when we sweat. Excess ions are lost via the KIDNEYS in the urine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why is it important to control the temperature in our body?

A

to maintain the temperature in which enzymes work best

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why is it important to control our blood sugar levels?

A

To provide our cells with a constant supply of energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers which travel in the blood to activate target cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What secretes hormones?

A

glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How do hormones travel around the body?

A

in the bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What do hormones do?

A

regulate the functions of many organs and cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe the hormones involved in the menstrual cycle

A

Follicle stimulating Hormone (FSH) is secreted by the PITUITARY GLAND and causes eggs to mature in the ovaries. Stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen.

Luteinising hormone (LH) stimulates the release of eggs from the ovary

Oestrogen is secreted by the ovaries and inhibits the further production of FSH.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the function of the nervous system?

A

enables humans to react to their surroundings and coordinate their behaviour.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe how you can control fertility

A

Take an oral contraceptive which contains hormones to inhibit FSH production so that no eggs mature.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What do oral contraceptives contain?

A

oestrogen, progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What was the problem with oral contraceptives and how has this been solved?

A
  • First birth control pills contained large amounts of oestrogen. These resulted in people suffering significant side effects.
  • Now contain much less oestrogen or are progesterone only.
  • Progesterone only - fewer side effects.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are some pros with the pill?

A
  • over 99% effective at preventing pregnancy

- Reduces the risk of getting some types of cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are some cons of the pill?

A
  • Is not 100% effective
  • Can cause side effects- headaches
  • Does not protect against STDs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe In Vitro Fertilisation

A

Mother receives FSH and LH to stimulate maturation of several eggs.

Eggs collected from mother and artificially fertilised by sperm of father.

Fertilised eggs develop into embryos.

At the stage when they are tiny balls of cells, one or two embryos are inserted into the mothers womb.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is a pro of IVF?
Gives a couple a child
26
What are some cons of IVF?
- Side effects- Vomiting - Expensive - Multiple Births can happen- increase risk of miscarriage
27
What 3 things are plants sensitive to?
Light, Moisture, Gravity
28
What direction do plants SHOOTS grow to?
Towards light and against the force of gravity
29
What direction do plants roots grow towards to?
Towards moisture and in the direction of the force of gravity
30
What is auxin?
A plant hormone that controls the growth near the tips of shoots and roots.
31
What does auxin control?
phototropism and gravitropism
32
Describe what happens to the auxin when a shoot grows towards the light?
- More auxin accumulates on the side that is in the shade than the side that's in the light. there is an UNEQUAL distribution. - This makes the cells elongate and grow faster on the shaded side, so the shoot bends towards the light.
33
Describe what happens to the auxin when the shoot grows away from gravity
- When a shoot is growing sideways, gravity produces an unequal distribution of auxin in the tip, with more auxin in the lower side. - This causes the lower side to grow faster, causing the shoot to bend upwards.
34
Describe what happens to the auxin when the roots grow towards gravity.
- A root growing sideways will have more auxin on its lower side. - BUT in the root, extra auxin INHIBITS grown. - The cells on top elongate faster causing the root to bend downwards
35
Describe what happens to the auxin when roots grow towards moisture.
- An uneven amount of moisture either side of the root produces more auxin on the side with more moisture. - This inhibits growth on that side, causing the root to bend to that side, towards the moisture.
36
Describe how plant hormones can be used in agriculture
Dipping cuttings in ROOTING HORMONE which contains auxin, casing them to produce roots. As Weed Killers
37
Describe the 4 stages of the menstrual cycle
1) BLEEDING STARTS- uterus lining breaks down 2) lining of uterus build up 3) egg is released 4) wall maintained - 14 days
38
What does the central nervous system consist of?
Brain Spinal Cord
39
Where does the detection of light occur on a shoot?
in the tip
40
Where in a plant shoot does the response to light take place?
behind the tip
41
Suggest why there are many touch receptors in a person's finger tips?
to increase sensitivity
42
Where is oestrogen produced?
ovaries
43
Where is FSH produced?
in the pituitary gland
44
Where is auxin produced?
The tip of plant stems and roots
45
What hormone causes eggs to mature?
FSH
46
What hormone causes the growth of the uterus lining?
oestrogen
47
Suggest why IVF clinics have set targets to reduce multiple births
multiple births lead to low birth weight multiple births cause possible harm to mother/baby increase risk of miscarriages
48
What do receptor cells in the skin respond to?
touch, temperature, pressure, pain
49
Explain how plant hormones can be used as weed killer
give lots of auxin- plant grows out of control
50
Explain how plant hormones can be used as rooting hormones
dip a plant clipping into a little bit of auxin- stimulates roots
51
Where is LH produced?
in the pituitary gland
52
How are hormones transported to their target organs?
in the blood stream
53
What are hormones secreted by?
glands
54
What hormones are in a 'fertility drug' ?
FSH and LH
55
Name a plant hormone
auxin
56
What is the name given to a junction connecting 2 neurones?
synapse
57
What form is information passed over a synapse?
as chemicals
58
Hormones control the monthly release of an egg from the woman's....
ovaries
59
Hormones control the thickness of the lining of a women's.....
womb
60
Hormones given to a women to stimulate the release of eggs are called ...... drugs
fertility
61
Explain why a plant stem grows upwards
gravity causes an unequal distribution of auxin, with more on the lower side of the stem auxin stimulates the growth of cells on the lower side of the stem
62
Describe the reflex action when somebody touches a hot pan
heat is detected by temperature receptors in the skin impulses travel along the sensory neurone to the CNS impulses diffuse as chemicals across a synapse impulses move across the relay neurone impulses reach muscle via motor neurone muscle contracts to move hand away
63
Explain how information passes from the relay neurone to the motor neurone
there is a release of a chemical the chemical diffuses across the synapse the chemical attaches to the motor neurone
64
What was the drug thalidomide originally developed to treat?
poor sleeping
65
Suggest why the harmful effect of thalidomide had not been detected during clinical trials on thalidomide
as the drug was not tested on pregnant women
66
What happens in the body to make someone dependant on a drug?
it changes chemical processes
67
Describe the function of receptors in the skin
detect changes in the surroundings and convert information to impulses to send to the brain

Biology - B1 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions