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Core Biology > B1.2 - Nerves And Hormones > Flashcards

B1.2 - Nerves And Hormones Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a neurone?

A

A specialised cell transmitting nerve impulses.

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2
Q

What does menstrual mean?

A

The periodic discharge of blood and tissue from the uterus.

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3
Q

What is a synapse?

A

A junction between two nerve cells.

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4
Q

What is a contraceptive?

A

A method to prevent pregnancy.

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5
Q

What is oestrogen?

A

A female hormone that controls puberty growth. It stops FSH being produced - so that only one egg matures in a cycle and it stimulates the pituitary gland to release the hormone LH.

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6
Q

What is a gland?

A

An organ that secretes a chemical substance.

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7
Q

What is an effector?

A

An organ or cell that reacts in response to a stimulus.

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8
Q

What is a hormone?

A

A substance that regulates the activity of cells/organs.

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9
Q

What is a receptor?

A

An organ or cell able to respond to a stimulus.

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10
Q

What are the sense organs?

A

Eyes, ears, tongue, skin, nose

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11
Q

Describe a nervous pathway.

A

Stimulus - Receptors - Response

Stimulus - Receptor - Sensory Neurone - CNS - Relay Neurone - Motor Neurone - Effector - Response

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12
Q

What is a neurone?

A

A nerve cell that carries an electrical impulse.

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13
Q

Why is a reflex action faster than a conscious action?

A

A conscious action requires the nervous impulse to be sent via the brain prior to the action being carried out.

The relay neurone in a reflex action coordinates the response and bypasses the brain.

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14
Q

How do synapses work?

A

They transmit electrical impulses through the nerve-endings of neurones. They release acetyl choline that travels from one membrane to another. Specific chemicals are released to transmit the impulse along to the second neurone.

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15
Q

How do synapses stop producing chemicals continually?

A

The choline is diffused by acetyl cholinane and makes the process start again instead of continually happening.

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16
Q

What must be kept same in the body?

A

Water

Ions

Carbon dioxide

Glucose

Temperature

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17
Q

What is temperature?

A

This is the body’s measure of thermal energy or heat. It is optimum at 37 degrees Celsius.

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18
Q

When have you had a higher temperature?

A

More exercise increases temperature because the body is working hard. When ill, the body’s temperature increases to kill pathogens.

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19
Q

What happens if the body’s temperature is not optimum?

A

Enzymes become denatured and stop working because the molecular shape has changed. If this happens a lot, it can cause death. This is why a fever is fatal to a baby or a person with weak enzymes.

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20
Q

What does homoeostasis mean?

A

Homoeostasis is where the body is maintaining a constant internal temperature.

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21
Q

Why are ions important?

A

They are needed to keep body fluids at the right pH.

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22
Q

What is diabetes?

A

People with diabetes do not produce enough insulin to absorb glucose in the bloodstream (Type 1). They must control their glucose intake and some have to be given insulin injections.

Type 2 people have their pancreas produce insulin but their cells ignore this, so too much glucose is in the blood and becomes thicker.

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23
Q

What is FSH?

A

Follicle stimulating hormone matures an egg in the ovary.

24
Q

What is LH?

A

Luteinizing hormone releases an egg.

25
Q

What is an oral contraceptive?

A

Oral contraceptives may contain oestrogen and progesterone to prevent egg release, high and sustained levels of oestrogen inhibit FSH production and egg development is stopped permanently as long as the contraceptive is taken.

26
Q

What are some positives of an oral contraceptive?

A

They can prevent unwanted pregnancies, which reduces abortions. It can help families plan their life. It thus stops the population from becoming unmanageable.

27
Q

What are some negatives of an oral contraceptive?

A

More women will have sex because of this, increasing AIDS. As women won’t get pregnant because of it, some religious people may dislike it. However, some pills contain too large amounts of oestrogen causing headaches, nausea, irregular bleeding, fluid retention and blood clots.

28
Q

What is IVF?

A

IVF can be used to create a human from an egg. The egg is injected with FSH and LH. This causes more than one egg to be made. The eggs are collected and fertilised by mixing the father’s sperm in a glass dish. The eggs are injected with sperm and two are chosen and inserted into the mother’s uterus.

29
Q

What are some positives of IVF?

A

Infertile couples can have children.

Genetic disorders can be prevented.

People can choose when they want kids.

They may want to focus on their career first and may want to be in a more financially secure position.

People can limit the size of their family.

30
Q

What are some negatives of IVF?

A

Religions may not approve.

There may be more than one child born.

IVF is considered by some to be an inhumane and expensive method.

Adoption may not occur as regularly.

31
Q

Why do plants respond to stimuli?

A

Avoid stress.

Avoid being eaten.

Improve chances of producing offspring.

Enhance survival.

32
Q

What is a tropism?

A

A directional growth response.

33
Q

What is auxin?

A

It causes cell elongation, thus the shades cells elongate due to auxin action. The light side has destroyed auxin so the cells do not elongate too much. The shoot bends towards the light.

34
Q

What is a coleoptile?

A

A protective covering on a cell.

35
Q

What is a selective weed killer?

A

They kill some plants but not others. It causes a certain weed to grow too quickly and they fall over and die.

36
Q

What are rooting powders?

A

Powder contains auxins.

Cuttings are dipped in powder.

Promotes root growth.

37
Q

How does fruit ripening work?

A

Ethene - promotes ripening

Naturally given off by ripe fruit

Converts starch into sugar

Used by supermarkets.

38
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

A stimulus is a change in the environment that is detected by the body.

39
Q

What do receptors in the eyes detect?

A

Receptors in the eyes help us detect light

40
Q

What do receptors in the ears detect?

A

Receptors in the ears detect sound, change in position, and they help us keep our balance.

41
Q

What do receptors in the tongue and nose detect?

A

Receptors in the tongue and nose detect chemicals for taste and smell.

42
Q

What do receptors in the skin detect?

A

Receptors in the skin detect touch, pressure, pain, and temperature.

43
Q

How can water leave the body?

A

Water leaves the body by the lungs, breathing in and out.

The skin in sweating.

The kidneys, which produce urine.

44
Q

How are ions released from the body?

A

Ions are released by the skin in sweating and the kidneys when urine is produced.

45
Q

Why is it important that the body’s temperature is controlled?

A

The body’s temperature must be controlled so that it is at the temperature that enzymes work best.

46
Q

Why must the blood sugar levels be controlled?

A

Blood sugar levels must be controlled to provide cells with a constant supply of energy.

47
Q

State two glands which release hormones controlling a woman’s menstrual cycle.

A

The ovaries and the pituitary gland release hormones that control a woman’s menstrual cycle

48
Q

Describe the main events of the menstrual cycle.

A

FSH is released by the pituitary gland, which causes an egg to mature in the ovaries and triggers the ovaries to release oestrogen.

LH triggers the release of the mature egg.

Oestrogen from the ovaries inhibits further production of FSH from the pituitary gland until the egg is either fertilised or released via a period.

49
Q

Describe the problems with early contraceptive pills and how these were solved in modern versions.

A

Early contraceptive pills contained high doses of oestrogen and caused side-effects. Modern pills contain lower doses of oestrogen or progesterone only.

These have fewer side effects.

50
Q

Describe how plant shoots are sensitive to light and gravity.

A

Plant shoots grow towards light (positive phototropism) and away from gravity (negative geotropism).

51
Q

Describe how plant roots are sensitive to moisture and gravity.

A

Plant roots grow towards moisture and towards gravity.

52
Q

What does phototropism mean?

A

Phototropism means growth in response to light.

53
Q

What does gravitropism mean?

A

Gravitropism means growth in response to gravity.

54
Q

Describe how auxins are used in shoots to grow towards light.

A

In shoots, auxins trigger cell division.

There is a higher level of auxin on the darker side of a shoot, so this side grows faster than the light side.

This causes the shoot to grow towards the light.

55
Q

Describe how auxins are used in roots to grow towards gravity.

A

In roots, auxins inhibit cell division.

There is a higher level of auxin at the bottom side of a root. This side grows slower than the top, so the root grows downwards, towards gravity.

56
Q

How does information pass from the relay neurone to the motor neurone?

A

The relay neurone releases chemicals, which cross the synapse. The chemicals attach to the motor neurone and create an impulse.

Core Biology (8 decks)

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