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Core Biology > B1.1 - Keeping Healthy > Flashcards

B1.1 - Keeping Healthy Flashcards

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1
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Peristalsis is waves of muscular contraction that help guide food.

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2
Q

What is a balanced diet?

A

A balanced diet is where the body has the correct and balanced amount of food in digestion, allowing the body to receive correct calories and nutrients for processes.

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3
Q

What are the consequences of being over weight?

A

Arthritis

Diabetes

High blood pressure

Heart disease

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4
Q

What are the consequences of being underweight?

A

Weak immune system

Reduced muscle strength

Osteoarthritis

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5
Q

How do you work out BMI?

A

Mass/height

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6
Q

What is metabolic rate?

A

The metabolic rate is the rate of all the chemical reactions in the cells in the body.

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7
Q

What factors speed up metabolic rate?

A

Exercise

Gender

Muscle fat ratio

Age

Good genetics

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8
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

Cholesterol is a chemical that is used for the construction of cell membranes and for the production of hormones.

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9
Q

What are HDLs?

A

High density lipoproteins carry excess cholesterol back to the liver.

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10
Q

What are LDLs?

A

Low density lipoproteins carry cholesterol from the liver to the cells. They deposit cholesterol on arterial walls.

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11
Q

What are the main food groups?

A

Carbohydrates

Proteins

Lipids

Vitamins

Mineral

Fibre

Water

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12
Q

What are carbohydrates in?

A

Carbohydrates are in breads, pasta, rice, etc

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13
Q

What do carbohydrates do for the body?

A

Short term energy and respiration

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14
Q

What are proteins in?

A

Proteins are in meats, eggs, nuts, chicken

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15
Q

What do proteins do for the body?

A

Muscle repair, growth, new cells

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16
Q

What are fats in?

A

Fats are in oils, dairy, nuts

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17
Q

What do fats do for the body?

A

Provide stored energy and insulation

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18
Q

What are vitamins in?

A

Vitamins are in fruit and veg

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19
Q

What do vitamins do for the body?

A

A: Vision
B: Energy
C: Skin repair
D: Bone growth/repair

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20
Q

What are minerals in?

A

Minerals are in fish and fruit

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21
Q

What do minerals do for the body?

A

They help release energy.

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22
Q

What does water do for the body?

A

Aids chemical reactions, lubricates joints, etc

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23
Q

What is fibre in?

A

Fibre is in wholegrain cereals, fruit, etc

24
Q

What does fibre do for the body?

A

Fibre aids excretion and helps build cell walls

25
Q

What is meant when a person is malnourished?

A

When a person is malnourished they have an unbalanced diet.

26
Q

What happens to a person’s body mass if they take in less energy from their food than their body needs?

A

If a person takes in less energy from their food than their body needs, their body mass will decrease.

27
Q

How does exercise affect the amount of energy that the body needs?

A

Exercise increases the amount of energy that the body needs.

28
Q

How is a person’s metabolic rate affected by the amount of muscle that they have?

A

Muscle tissue has a higher metabolic rate than fat tissue.

A more muscular person will have a higher metabolic rate than a less muscular person.

29
Q

How is our body affected by inherited factors?

A

Inherited factors affect our metabolic rate, our cholesterol level, etc.

30
Q

What did Semmelweis discover about preventing disease?

A

Semmelweis worked at a hospital where people gave birth.

Many women died of infections at the hospital.

Patients treated by nurses were less likely to die from infections than patients treated by doctors.

He realised that doctors handled dead bodies before treating women and the patients were being infected.

He suggested that they wash their hands regularly, which reduced the number of infections.

31
Q

What is meant by the word pathogen? Give two examples.

A

Pathogens are microorganisms that cause infectious diseases. For instance, bacteria and viruses are pathogens.

32
Q

What is the key difference between bacteria and viruses in how they reproduce?

A

Bacteria can reproduce independently, whereas viruses can only reproduce when they are inside living cells.

33
Q

How do bacteria and viruses make us ill?

A

Bacteria and viruses can make us ill by releasing toxins. Viruses can also make us ill by damaging the cells in which they reproduce - they burst the cells they occupy.

34
Q

State three ways in which white blood cells defend us against pathogens.

A

They defend against pathogens by:

Ingesting pathogens (taking them in and destroying them)

Producing antibodies which destroy specific pathogens.

Producing antitoxins which neutralise the toxins made by pathogens

35
Q

What are some natural barriers to infection?

A

Some natural barriers to infection are:

The skin

Nasal hairs, mucus and cilia

Tears (containing lysozyme which destroys microorganisms)

Stomach acid - it destroys the protein structure of the bacteria’s enzymes. This results in the bacteria being unable to carry out its bodily processes.

36
Q

How does vaccination protect us from disease?

A

Vaccines contain minor amounts of inactive or dead forms of a pathogen. They trigger the body to produce antibodies.

If the person is infected by the pathogen in the future, the body can produce antibodies more rapidly.

37
Q

What does the MMR protect us against?

A

Measles, mumps, and rubella

38
Q

How can the use of vaccines protect people who have not been vaccinated?

A

If enough people have been vaccinated, then the spread of a pathogen is reduced, which helps protect people who have not been vaccinated.

39
Q

What is an epidemic?

A

An epidemic is an outbreak of an infectious disease in a geographic region at one time.

40
Q

What is a pandemic?

A

A pandemic is a worldwide outbreak of an infectious disease.

41
Q

What do medicines, such as painkillers, do?

A

Medicines, such as painkillers, can help relieve the symptoms of a disease.

They do not kill the pathogen.

42
Q

What do antibiotics do?

A

Antibiotics are medicines which kill bacteria or stop their growth.

43
Q

Why do antibiotics not kill viruses?

A

Antibiotics cannot kill viruses because viruses live and reproduce inside cells, so the human cells would be damaged.

44
Q

How are bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics?

A

Bacteria can mutate and become resistant.

The bacteria will survive and divide to become greater in number if we use antibiotics too much or use them incorrectly.

This is called natural selection.

45
Q

How can we prevent resistant bacteria (such as MRSA) from developing?

A

To prevent resistant bacteria, we must:

Only use antibiotics when necessary and use the correct antibiotic to kill a specific bacterium.

Never use antibiotics against viruses as antibiotics cannot affect viruses.

46
Q

Why is mutation of pathogens an issue?

A

When a pathogen mutates, existing treatments for it may not work against a new strain, which allows it to spread.

47
Q

Describe how natural selection leads to resistant strains of pathogens developing when antibiotics are used.

A

Mutation leads to an antibiotic-resistant strain developing.

Antibiotics kill non-resistant pathogens.

The resistant pathogens survive and reproduce so the population of the resistant strain increases.

48
Q

Why do we need to develop new antibiotics?

A

As bacteria become resistant to current antibiotics, we need to develop new antibiotics to treat bacterial diseases.

49
Q

Describe the stages of culturing a microorganism.

A

Sterilise petri dishes and culture growth medium (agar) to kill the unwanted microorganisms.

Sterilise inoculating loops used to transfer microorganisms by passing through a flame.

Tape the lid of Petri dishes shut to prevent microorganisms from the air contaminating the culture.

50
Q

Why is it important that schools and colleges do not culture microorganisms at temperatures higher than 25 degrees?

A

If we culture microorganisms at 25 degrees or lower then this reduces the chance of culturing pathogens that may harm humans.

51
Q

Why are microorganisms used in industry cultured at temperatures higher than 25 degrees (45)?

A

In industry, we want microorganisms to grow rapidly so we use temperatures higher than 25 degrees.

52
Q

What is a deficiency disease?

A

Deficiency disease is a disease caused by a lack of an essential nutrient in the diet, such as scurvy (lack of vitamin C).

53
Q

What are phagocytes?

A

Phagocytes are white blood cells that surround pathogens and digest them with enzymes

54
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

Lymphocytes are white blood cells that produce specific antibodies to destroy pathogens.

55
Q

Why are antibiotics used in farming?

A

They help animals gain weight – less energy spent overcoming infection

They increase profits – prevent spread of infection

56
Q

Why are infectious diseases now less common in hospitals?

A

The use of drugs such as antibiotics.

Doctors and nurses regularly wash their hands.

Equipment is sterilised.

Isolation of highly-infectious patients.

57
Q

Why has the rate of development of resistant strains slowed down?

A

Antibiotics are not used to treat non-serious infections, such as mild throat infections, so less resistant strains appear.

Core Biology (8 decks)

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