Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology Michael > B1.1 Keeping Healthy NOT FINISHED > Flashcards

B1.1 Keeping Healthy NOT FINISHED Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 5 important nutrients?

A

Carbs, proteins, fats, vitamins, and mineral ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What do you need carbs?

A

To release energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why do you need fats? (2)

A

To keep warm and release energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why do you need proteins? (3)

A

Growth, cell repair and cell replacement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why do you need vitamins and mineral ions? (4)

A

To keep your skin, bones, blood, and everything else generally healthy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is another key nutrient? Why do you need this?

A

Fibre, it helps to keep everything moving smoothly through your digestive system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are sources of carbs? (2)

A

Pasta, rice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are sources of fats? (2)

A

Butter, oily fish

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are sources of proteins? (2)

A

Meat, fish

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are sources of vitamins? (2)

A

Vitamin C in oranges and vitamin D in eggs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are sources of minerals? (2)

A

Calcium in milk, and iron in red meat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the reactions called in your body that keep you alive?

A

Your metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the speed at which your metabolism occurs called?

A

Your metabolic rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What increases your metabolic rate? (4)

A

The more muscle you have in your body (muscle needs more energy than fat), the bigger you are, men have faster metabolic rates than women and regular exercise can boost your resting metabolic rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When is your metabolic rate highest? Why?

A

During and after exercise, as you need more energy when exercising

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What determines how much energy you should have in order to stay healthy?

A

If you do little exercise (or any other activity), you will need less energy, and vice versa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are people called which have a diet that is badly out of balanced?

A

Malnourished

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What can eating too much carbs and fats lead to?

A

Obesity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What classifies someone as obese?

A

When they are 20%< over their recommended body mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What can cause obesity? (2)

A

Overeating and a lack of exercise, or hormonal problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What can obesity lead to? (4)

A

Arthritis, type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What can too much saturated in your diet cause?

A

An increase in your blood cholesterol level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What can eating too much salt lead to? (2)

A

High blood pressure and heart disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the common symptoms of eating too little? (5)

A

Slow growth, fatigue, poor resistance to infection, and irregular periods in women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Why is exercise good for health? (3)

A

Because it increases the amount of energy used by the body and decreases the amount stored as fat and it also increases your metabolic rate as it helps to build muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Can you bit fit, but not healthy?

A

Yes, you can be physically fit but at the same time, your diet could be unbalanced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What inherited factors can affect your health? (2)

A

You can inherit factors that affect your metabolic rate. e.g. an underactive thyroid gland causing your MR to slow down, and you can inherit factors that affect your blood cholesterol level - too much cholesterol can lead to heart disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What makes a food unhealthy? (3)

A

A high saturated fat content, a high sodium or salt content, and a high energy content

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What makes a food healthy? (5)

A

The opposite of unhealthy foods, but is also high in protein, fibre, minerals and vitamins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What factors do you need to consider when evaluating slimming claims?

A

Is the report a scientific study, published in a reputable journal?
Was it written by a qualified person who is not linked to the people selling it? (so it is not biased)
Was the sample of people asked/tested large enough?
Have there been other studies which found similar results?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Diet and slimming products will only work if… (2)

A

You eat less fat or carbs, or you exercise more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are microorganisms called that cause disease?

A

Pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What do pathogens cause?

A

Infectious disease - diseases that can easily spread

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the two main types of pathogens?

A

Bacteria and viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How do bacteria make you feel ill? (2)

A

By producing toxins, and by damaging cells

36
Q

Are viruses cells?

A

No

37
Q

How do viruses replicate themselves?

A

They invade your cells and use the cells’ machinery to produce copies of themselves

38
Q

How do viruses make you feel ill?

A

As viruses replicate themselves within cells, it reaches a point where the cell can no longer hold anymore viruses so the cell bursts - this damaging of the cell makes you feel ill

39
Q

What is an example of a virus?

A

HIV

40
Q

What are the body’s defences? (2)

A

The skin and mucus in the respiratory tract

41
Q

Why is the skin a form of defence?

A

Because it stops pathogens from getting inside your body

42
Q

What happens if you get a cut, so pathogens can now enter your body?

A

Platelets (small fragments of cells), help blood to clot quickly to seal wounds

43
Q

How does the mucus in the respiratory tract prevent pathogens from entering the body?

A

Sticky mucus lines the respiratory tract, this traps pathogens in the air and stops them from reaching the lungs

44
Q

How are the pathogens removed from the mucus in the respiratory tract?

A

Tiny hairs in the tract beat to move the mucus away from the lungs and towards the mouth where you can spit it out

45
Q

What happens if pathogens make it through your defences?

A

The immune system kicks in

46
Q

What is the most important cell of the immune system?

A

The white blood cell

47
Q

How do white blood cells consume pathogens?

A

WBC can engulf pathogens and digest them

48
Q

Why do white blood cells produce antitoxins?

A

They counteract toxins produced by invading bacteria

49
Q

What is unique about invading cells?

A

A molecule called antigens on its surface

50
Q

What happens when a white blood cell comes across a foreign antigen?

A

It produces proteins called antibodies, which lock onto the foreign antigens and kill the invading pathogen

51
Q

What determines the antibodies produced by a WBC?

A

They are specific to that type of antigen

52
Q

What happens when a WBC produces the antibodies for a specific antigen?

A

Antibodies are produced rapidly and carried around the body to kill all similar bacteria or viruses

53
Q

How do people become immune to a pathogen?

A

If a person becomes infected with a pathogen which they have already overcome, the WBC can easily produce the antibodies to kill it

54
Q

What are vaccinations?

A

Substances that prevent you from getting ill from a microorganism in the first place

55
Q

How do vaccinations work?

A

Small amounts of dead/inactive microorganisms are inserted into the body which carry antigens allowing the WBC to produce antibodies to attack them (even though they are harmless) and thus make the person immune

56
Q

What is an example of a vaccine?

A

The MMR vaccine which is given to children and is a vaccine for measles, mumps and rubella

57
Q

What are the pros of vaccines? (2)

A

They have helped to control lots of infectious diseases e.g. smallpox which was once very common, and they can prevent epidemics as long as a large percentage of the population is vaccinated

58
Q

What is an epidemic?

A

A big outbreak of a disease

59
Q

What are the cons of vaccines? (2)

A

They don’t always work, and you can have bad reactions to the vaccine e.g. swelling or fevers

60
Q

What do you need to do when thinking about having a vaccine?

A

You need to balance the risks

61
Q

What are the two different types of drugs?

A

Painkillers and antibiotics

62
Q

What are painkillers?

A

Drugs that relieve pain, they don’t tackle the cause of the disease, they help to reduce the symptoms

63
Q

What is an example of a painkiller?

A

Aspirin

64
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

Drugs that kill/prevent the growth of bacteria without harming body cells

65
Q

What is an example of an antibiotic?

A

Penicillin

66
Q

Do antibiotics destroy viruses?

A

No

67
Q

Why is it difficult to produce drugs which destroy viruses?

A

Because they reproduce in cells, so it is hard to destroy viruses without harming body cells

68
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A change in genetic material

69
Q

How does antibiotic resistance develop?

A

An infection can be caused by bacteria which are, and aren’t resistant to antibiotics - so when you take antibiotics, only the non-resistant bacterium are killed, and the resistance bacterium can reproduce

70
Q

Why have resistant strains of bacteria increased?

A

Due to natural selection

71
Q

What are two examples of resistant strains of bacteria?

A

MRSA and TB

72
Q

How can the development of antibiotic resistance be slowed down?

A

To slow it down, it is important not to over-use antibiotics

73
Q

How can you test the action of antibiotics/disinfectants?

A

By growing cultures of microorganisms

74
Q

What does agar jelly contain? Why?

A

It contains the vital components which are needed to grow e.g. carbohydrates

75
Q

How are unwanted microorganisms killed which are found on agar jelly?

A

The agar jelly is heated to kill off any unwanted microorganisms

76
Q

How are inoculating loops sterilised before use?

A

They are passed through a flame

77
Q

How are microorganisms prevented from contaminating the culture of microorganisms?

A

A lid is taped on the petri dish

78
Q

How does the temperature of the culture of microorganisms vary depending where they are grown? (2) And why?

A

In schools they are grown at around 25°C because harmful pathogens aren’t likely to grow at this temperature, but in industrial conditions, the temp. is much higher so they grow a lot faster

79
Q

What did Dr Ignaz Semmelweis discover?

A

That in the hospital he was working in, there were lots of women who were dying after birth due to a disease called puerperal fever - he then told his doctors to wash their hands between patients to prevent the spreading of the disease and it worked

80
Q

Why was Semmelweis’ discovery rejected?

A

Because bacteria had not yet been discovered so he couldn’t prove why his idea worked

81
Q

What can antibiotic-resistant bacteria cause? Why?

A

They can cause an epidemic because the rapid spread of the disease would be difficult to treat

82
Q

What is an epidemic?

A

A big outbreak of disease

83
Q

Can viruses mutate?

A

Yes

84
Q

What can a mutation of a virus result in?

A

A virus that is both deadly and very infectious

85
Q

What is a pandemic?

A

When a disease spreads all over the word

86
Q

Why do pandemics occur?

A

Because people are constantly moving from one country to another e.g. by plane

Biology Michael (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions