B1.1 - Keeping Healthy

Question 1

What does a healthy diet contain?

Answer 1

The right balance of all the different food groups and the right amount of energy for a particular person.

Question 2

What are carbohydrates, fats and proteins used for?

Answer 2

To release energy and build cells.

Question 3

What are mineral ions and vitamins needed for?

Answer 3

Healthy functioning of the body

Question 4

When is a person malnourished?

Answer 4

When their diet is not balanced

Question 5

What can being malnourished lead to?

Answer 5

Being overweight or underweight

Question 6

What can an unbalanced diet lead to?

Answer 6

Deficiency diseases or conditions such as Type 2 diabetes.

Question 7

How does a person lose mass?

Answer 7

When the energy content of the food take in is less then the energy expended.

Question 8

What effect does exercise have on the amount of energy expended?

Answer 8

It increases it.

Question 9

What is metabolic rate?

Answer 9

The rate at which all the chemical reactions in the body take place.

Question 10

What factors affect metabolic rate?

Answer 10

The amount of activity you do and the proportion of muscle to fat in the body. Also, inherited factors.

Question 11

Give an example of in inherited factor which could affect a person’s health:

Answer 11

Cholesterol level

Question 12

What are pathogens?

Answer 12

Microorganisms which cause infectious diseases

Question 13

How can bacteria and viruses make us feel ill?

Answer 13

By reproducing rapidly and producing toxins

Question 14

What effect do viruses have on cells?

Answer 14

They reproduce inside the cell, damaging it.

Question 15

Which cells help to protect the body against diseases?

Answer 15

White blood cells

Question 16

What are the 3 types of white blood cell?

Answer 16

Phagocyte, Lymphocyte and Neutrophil

Question 17

What do Phagocytes do?

Answer 17

They engulf the pathogens

Question 18

What do Lymphocytes do?

Answer 18

They produce antibodies, which destroy particular bacteria or viruses.

Question 19

What do Neutrophil do?

Answer 19

They produce antitoxins, which neutralise the toxins produced by the pathogens.

Question 20

How can pathogens become immune?

Answer 20

The body produces specific antibodies to target the pathogen, which the pathogen is exposed to for long periods of time

Question 21

What can happen if a large proportion of the population is immune to a pathogen?

Answer 21

The spread of the pathogen is greatly reduced

Question 22

How did Ignaz Semmelweis help develop understanding of the spread diseases?

Answer 22

Semmelweis recognised the importance of hand-washing in the prevention of spreading some infectious diseases. By insisting that doctors washed their hands before examining patients, he greatly reduced the number of deaths from infectious diseases in his hospital.

Question 23

What effect do painkillers have on pathogens?

Answer 23

None. They can relieve the pain but will not harm pathogens.

Question 24

What are antibiotics?

Answer 24

Medicines that help to cure bacterial disease by killing infectious bacteria inside the body.

Question 25

Name one antibiotic

Answer 25

Penicillin

Question 26

Can antibiotics be used to treat viruses?

Answer 26

No

Question 27

Why can’t antibiotics be used to destroy viral pathogens?

Answer 27

They live and reproduce inside cells

Question 28

How do different bacteria have to be treated differently with antibiotics?

Answer 28

Different bacteria can only be destroyed using certain antibiotics

Question 29

Why has bacteria’s resistance to antibiotics increased over the years?

Answer 29

Due to overuse and inappropriate use of antibotics

Question 30

Name one strain of bacteria that has developed a resistance to antibiotics:

Answer 30

MRSA

Question 31

How is resistance developed?

Answer 31

Through natural selection and mutations

Question 32

How are new strains of bacteria produced?

Answer 32

Through mutation

Question 33

Why do new strains of bacteria spread rapidly?

Answer 33

People aren’t immune to it and there is no effective treatment

Question 34

What effect do antibiotics have on non resistant strains?

Answer 34

They destroy individual pathogens of the non resistant strain

Question 35

What effect o antibiotics have on resistant strains?

Answer 35

The individual pathogens survive and reproduce, so the population of the resistant strain increases.

Question 36

How do vaccinations work?

Answer 36

By introducing small quantities of dead or inactive forms of the pathogen into the body. White blood cells then produce antibodies that destroy the pathogens, making the person immune to future infections by the microorganism. The body can respond by rapidly making the correct antibody, in the same way as if the person had previously had the disease.

Question 37

What does the MMR vaccine protect against?

Answer 37

Measles, mumps and rubella

Question 38

What are uncontaminated cultures of microorganisms required for?

Answer 38

Investigating the action of disinfectants and antibiotics

Question 39

How is the investigation into the action of disinfectants and antibiotics carried out?

Answer 39

• Petri dishes and culture media must be sterilised before use to kill unwanted microorganisms
• inoculating loops used to transfer microorganisms to the media must be sterilised by passing them through a flame
• the lid of the Petri dish should be secured with adhesive tape to prevent microorganisms from the air contaminating the culture.

Question 40

What temperature should cultures of bacteria be kept at as a maximum in schools and colleges?

Answer 40

25 degrees

Question 41

Why is a maximum temperature for growing cultures at put in place for schools and colleges?

Answer 41

It greatly reduces the likelihood of growth of pathogens that might be harmful to humans

Question 42

Why are higher temperatures used to grow cultures in industry?

Answer 42

It speeds up growth