B11 - Hormonal Coordination - B11.1, B11.2, B11.5, B11.6, B11.7(ish), B11.9, B11.10 Done Flashcards
What are the chemicals that the endocrine system secretes called?
Hormones
What is one positive and one negative of the endocrine system in comparison to the nervous system in terms of relaying its messages?
The endocrine system is slower, but its effects are longer lasting, whereas the nervous system’s messages are relayed much quicker but their effects don’t last as long
What are 2 examples of hormones?
Insulin // adrenaline // oestrogen // testosterone etc.
What is the ‘master gland’ called and why does it have this title?
The Pituitary gland is called the master gland as it controls the actions of the other glands through its secretion of hormones
What does the Pituitary gland do?
It controls growth in kids / Stimulates the thyroid gland to create Thyroxine / Stimulates the ovaries to produce eggs and the female sex hormone oestrogen / Stimulates the testes to make testosterone and sperm
What does the Thyroid gland do?
Controls the metabolic rate of the body
What does the Pancreas do?
Controls the levels of glucose in the blood
What do the Adrenal glands do?
Creates adrenaline - prepares the body for stressful situations - fight or flight response
What do the Testes do?
Controls the development of male secondary sexual characteristics and is involved in the making of sperm
What do the Ovaries do?
Controls the development of female secondary sexual characteristics and is involved in the menstrual cycle
Where is the Pituitary gland found?
In the centre of the brain
When you eat, large amounts of what enter your blood?
Glucose
What organs monitors and releases hormones that control glucose levels in the blood?
The pancreas
What does the hormone insulin do?
Allows glucose from the blood to absorbed into the cells and used for respiration
What insoluble molecule is glucose converted to so it can be stored for later use in the body?
Glycogen
Where is glycogen stored?
In the liver and muscles
How (and why) is the storage of glycogen related to overweight problems such as obesity?
As if the storage within the muscles and liver is full, then any excess glucose is stored as lipids - aka fats. If you have this occur often, therefore, you will have fat build up and eventually become obese
What is the purpose of glucagon?
To break down glycogen in order to release more energy and glucose back into the blood during times when it is low
What is the problem in type 1 diabetes?
You pancreas does not make enough or any insulin, so your cells cannot get enough glucose - resulting in tiredness and a lack of energy
What is the problem in type 2 diabetes?
The body does not make enough insulin, or the insulin it does make does not effect your body the way it should. This type has a strong link to obesity and is becoming more prevalent in the UK and America
What are the male and females main reproductive hormones?
Oestrogen in women, testosterone in men
What are the main changes that one can see both in women and men?
A growth spurt, pubic and underarm hair, and development of breasts/penis
Name the 3 main hormones involved in controlling the menstrual cycle
Folicle stimulating hormone (FSH) causes the eggs in the ovaries to mature / luteinising hormone stimulates the release of the egg at ovulation / oestrogen and progesterone stimulate the build up of the lining of the uterus
What is ovulation?
The process of the egg being released from the ovaries
What is the hormone timeline of the menstrual cycle?
First, FSH is secreted by the pituitary, which encourages oestrogen. When the levels of oestrogen are high, it inhibits the amount of FSH from getting higher, and sets off the release of LH. This stimulates the egg to be released, and LH levels fall again. Once the egg is clearly not fertilised, all the hormones are stopped and the lining is released before a new cycle begins
What are three female contraceptives?
An implant that slowly releases hormones / a hormone patch / the pill (mixed or progesterone only) / spermicides. The first 3 prevent the hormones that allow pregnancy from being released, and thereby a baby being able to form
What is the difference in reaction between auxin in roots and shoots?
In roots, they grow on the side with less auxin, whereas in shoots, they grow on the side with more auxin. This causes gravitropism in the roots
How can auxin be used commercially?
In root powders - they are put onto the bottoms of cuttings to try and inspire new growth there of roots / as weed killers, causing uncontrolled and unsustainable growth
How can gibberellins be used?
To speed up the germination of barley seeds to make malt / they can promote flowering throughout the year, especially in pot plants / they can be used to increase the size of fruit
What is ethene used for?
To control the ripening of fruit, such as when it is being transported from one country to another - it makes sure it is not overripe or the opposite
