B11 - Hormonal Coordination - B11.1, B11.2, B11.5, B11.6, B11.7(ish), B11.9, B11.10 Done

Question 1

What are the chemicals that the endocrine system secretes called?

Answer 1

Hormones

Question 2

What is one positive and one negative of the endocrine system in comparison to the nervous system in terms of relaying its messages?

Answer 2

The endocrine system is slower, but its effects are longer lasting, whereas the nervous system’s messages are relayed much quicker but their effects don’t last as long

Question 3

What are 2 examples of hormones?

Answer 3

Insulin // adrenaline // oestrogen // testosterone etc.

Question 4

What is the ‘master gland’ called and why does it have this title?

Answer 4

The Pituitary gland is called the master gland as it controls the actions of the other glands through its secretion of hormones

Question 5

What does the Pituitary gland do?

Answer 5

It controls growth in kids / Stimulates the thyroid gland to create Thyroxine / Stimulates the ovaries to produce eggs and the female sex hormone oestrogen / Stimulates the testes to make testosterone and sperm

Question 6

What does the Thyroid gland do?

Answer 6

Controls the metabolic rate of the body

Question 7

What does the Pancreas do?

Answer 7

Controls the levels of glucose in the blood

Question 8

What do the Adrenal glands do?

Answer 8

Creates adrenaline - prepares the body for stressful situations - fight or flight response

Question 9

What do the Testes do?

Answer 9

Controls the development of male secondary sexual characteristics and is involved in the making of sperm

Question 10

What do the Ovaries do?

Answer 10

Controls the development of female secondary sexual characteristics and is involved in the menstrual cycle

Question 11

Where is the Pituitary gland found?

Answer 11

In the centre of the brain

Question 12

When you eat, large amounts of what enter your blood?

Answer 12

Glucose

Question 13

What organs monitors and releases hormones that control glucose levels in the blood?

Answer 13

The pancreas

Question 14

What does the hormone insulin do?

Answer 14

Allows glucose from the blood to absorbed into the cells and used for respiration

Question 15

What insoluble molecule is glucose converted to so it can be stored for later use in the body?

Answer 15

Glycogen

Question 16

Where is glycogen stored?

Answer 16

In the liver and muscles

Question 17

How (and why) is the storage of glycogen related to overweight problems such as obesity?

Answer 17

As if the storage within the muscles and liver is full, then any excess glucose is stored as lipids - aka fats. If you have this occur often, therefore, you will have fat build up and eventually become obese

Question 18

What is the purpose of glucagon?

Answer 18

To break down glycogen in order to release more energy and glucose back into the blood during times when it is low

Question 19

What is the problem in type 1 diabetes?

Answer 19

You pancreas does not make enough or any insulin, so your cells cannot get enough glucose - resulting in tiredness and a lack of energy

Question 20

What is the problem in type 2 diabetes?

Answer 20

The body does not make enough insulin, or the insulin it does make does not effect your body the way it should. This type has a strong link to obesity and is becoming more prevalent in the UK and America

Question 21

What are the male and females main reproductive hormones?

Answer 21

Oestrogen in women, testosterone in men

Question 22

What are the main changes that one can see both in women and men?

Answer 22

A growth spurt, pubic and underarm hair, and development of breasts/penis

Question 23

Name the 3 main hormones involved in controlling the menstrual cycle

Answer 23

Folicle stimulating hormone (FSH) causes the eggs in the ovaries to mature / luteinising hormone stimulates the release of the egg at ovulation / oestrogen and progesterone stimulate the build up of the lining of the uterus

Question 24

What is ovulation?

Answer 24

The process of the egg being released from the ovaries

Question 25

What is the hormone timeline of the menstrual cycle?

Answer 25

First, FSH is secreted by the pituitary, which encourages oestrogen. When the levels of oestrogen are high, it inhibits the amount of FSH from getting higher, and sets off the release of LH. This stimulates the egg to be released, and LH levels fall again. Once the egg is clearly not fertilised, all the hormones are stopped and the lining is released before a new cycle begins

Question 26

What are three female contraceptives?

Answer 26

An implant that slowly releases hormones / a hormone patch / the pill (mixed or progesterone only) / spermicides. The first 3 prevent the hormones that allow pregnancy from being released, and thereby a baby being able to form

Question 27

What is the difference in reaction between auxin in roots and shoots?

Answer 27

In roots, they grow on the side with less auxin, whereas in shoots, they grow on the side with more auxin. This causes gravitropism in the roots

Question 28

How can auxin be used commercially?

Answer 28

In root powders - they are put onto the bottoms of cuttings to try and inspire new growth there of roots / as weed killers, causing uncontrolled and unsustainable growth

Question 29

How can gibberellins be used?

Answer 29

To speed up the germination of barley seeds to make malt / they can promote flowering throughout the year, especially in pot plants / they can be used to increase the size of fruit

Question 30

What is ethene used for?

Answer 30

To control the ripening of fruit, such as when it is being transported from one country to another - it makes sure it is not overripe or the opposite