B11 - Hormonal Coordination

Question 1

Define hormones.

Answer 1

chemicals scrtd by glands & trnsprtd -> target organs in bldstrm

Question 2

Where is the pituitary gland found? What is its function?

Answer 2

brain - ‘master gland’ scrts several hmns into bld

Question 3

Where is the thyroid gland found? What is its function?

Answer 3

base of neck - scrts thyroxine = cntrls metabolic rate of body

Question 4

Where is the pancreas found? What is its function?

Answer 4

by kidneys - scrts insulin or glucagon -> cntrl glucose lvls in body

Question 5

Where are the adrenal glands found? What is its function?

Answer 5

above kidneys - scrts adrenaline for ‘fight or flight’ response

Question 6

What is the function of the ovaries?

Answer 6

produces oestrogen

Question 7

What is the function of the testes?

Answer 7

produces testosterone

Question 8

What are the 3 main differences between the endocrine system and the nervous system?

Answer 8

ECS - long lived response, slow response, uses chemical messages
NVS - short response, rapid response, uses elctrcl impulses,

Question 9

Define glucagon.

Answer 9

hormone ↑ bld glcs lvls

Question 10

Define insulin.

Answer 10

hormone ↓ bld glcs lvls

Question 11

What is glucose?

Answer 11

sgr

Question 12

Define glycogen.

Answer 12

str molecule for glcs

Question 13

What is a negative feedback loop?

Answer 13

systm that tries to mntn stdy state

Question 14

What happens if blood glucose levels increase?

Answer 14

pancreas releases insulin

Question 15

After the pancreas releases insulin, what happens in the body?

Answer 15

glcs moves from bld -> mscl cells & liver
insulin stimulates liver to turn excess glcs
-> glycogen = bld glcs lvls normal

Question 16

What happens in blood glucose levels fall?

Answer 16

pancrease releases glucagon

Question 17

After the pancreas releases glucagon, what happens in the body?

Answer 17

glucgn stmlts liver turn glycogen -> glucose

Question 18

What causes Type 1 diabetes?

Answer 18

pancreas does not produce insulin

Question 19

What causes Type 2 diabetes?

Answer 19

body stops responding to insulin

Question 20

What are risk factors of Type 2 diabetes?

Answer 20

genetics, age, obesity & lck of exercise

Question 21

How can Type 1 diabetes be managed?

Answer 21

insulin injections

Question 22

How can Type 2 diabetes be managed?

Answer 22

diet (eg.carbohydrate intake) & exercise

Question 23

How can Type 1 diabetes be cured?

Answer 23

pancreas trnsplnts

Question 24

How can Type 2 diabetes be cured?

Answer 24

it can’t be cured

Question 25

Define a negative feedback loop.

Answer 25

system that tries to maintain steady state

Question 26

What does thyroxine do? Where is it made?

Answer 26

stimlts basal metabolic rate - thyroid

Question 27

What does thyroxine play an important role?

Answer 27

grwth & dvlpmnt

Question 28

Define basal metabolic rate.

Answer 28

metabolic rate when ur body is @ rest

Question 29

Define metabolism.

Answer 29

sum of all reactions in body

Question 30

The levels of which 3 hormones are controlled negative feedback?

Answer 30

insulin, glucagon & thyroxine

Question 31

What are the levels of thyroxine controlled by?

Answer 31

TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

Question 32

Where is TSH made?

Answer 32

pituitary

Question 33

What happens if there is a fall in thyroxine in the blood?

Answer 33

- pttry gland releases more TSH - trggrs thyroid gland -> release more thyrxn - normal thyrxn levels

Question 34

What happens if there is a rise in thyroxine in the blood?

Answer 34

- pttry gland prvntd from releasing TSH - trggrs thyroid -> release less thyroxine - normal thyrxn levels

Question 35

What are the effects of adrenaline on the body?

Answer 35

↑ heart rate = more oxygen & glucose are dlvrd -> brain & muscles preprng body for 'fight or flight'

Question 36

Define secondary sexual characteristics.

Answer 36

changes that occur when u go thrgh puberty

Question 37

How long does the menstrual cycle last?

Answer 37

28 days

Question 38

What is oestrogen's role in the menstrual cycle?

Answer 38

thickens uterus lining stops release of FSH & stimulates release of LH

Question 39

On day 1 of the menstrual cycle, what happens? What is this process called?

Answer 39

egg & uterus lining are lost in a period = menustration

Question 40

On day 7 of the menstrual cycle, what happens?

Answer 40

uterus wall thickens & new egg matures in ovary

Question 41

On day 14 of the menstrual cycle, what happens?

Answer 41

egg is released & uterus wall is @ thickest

Question 42

What is it called when the egg is released?

Answer 42

ovulation

Question 43

On day 21 of the menstrual cycle, what happens?

Answer 43

egg moves down fallopian tube & if egg is unfertilised = lining breaks down

Question 44

What is FSH's role in the mentstrual cycle?

Answer 44

causes egg -> grow & mature & stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen

Question 45

What is LH's role in the menstrual cycle?

Answer 45

stimulates release of egg

Question 46

What is progesterone's role in the menstrual cycle?

Answer 46

maintains uterus lining & stops release of FSH & LH

Question 47

Why is it important for the changes to the uterus to occur?

Answer 47

so zygote (fertilised egg) can implant itself in uterus lining

Question 48

Where is FSH & LH secreted?

Answer 48

pttry gland

Question 49

What is the main male reproductive hormone? Where is produced? What it's function?

Answer 49

testes - testosterone -> stimulate sperm prdctn

Question 50

In the first stage of the menstrual cycle, what hormone is produced?

Answer 50

FSH released by pttry gland

Question 51

After FSH had been intially released, what happens?

Answer 51

FSH trvls in blood -> ovaries where it causes egg -> mature

Question 52

At the same time of FSH causing an egg to mature, what happens?

Answer 52

FSH stmlts ovaries -> release oestrogen

Question 53

What does oestrogen do once it has been released from the ovaries?

Answer 53

stops pttry glands releasing FSH & stmlts it -> release LH

Question 54

Once the pttry gland has started releasing LH, what happens?

Answer 54

ovary releases egg & ovaries produce progesterone

Question 55

After the ovaries starts producing progesterone, what happens?

Answer 55

progesterone stop pttry gland from releasing FSH & LH

Question 56

Why would progesterone levels fall?

Answer 56

if fertilisation does not take place