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GCSE Biology - Paper 2 > B11 - Hormonal Coordination > Flashcards

B11 - Hormonal Coordination Flashcards

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1
Q

Define hormones.

A

chemicals scrtd by glands & trnsprtd -> target organs in bldstrm

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2
Q

Where is the pituitary gland found? What is its function?

A

brain - ‘master gland’ scrts several hmns into bld

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3
Q

Where is the thyroid gland found? What is its function?

A

base of neck - scrts thyroxine = cntrls metabolic rate of body

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4
Q

Where is the pancreas found? What is its function?

A

by kidneys - scrts insulin or glucagon -> cntrl glucose lvls in body

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5
Q

Where are the adrenal glands found? What is its function?

A

above kidneys - scrts adrenaline for ‘fight or flight’ response

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6
Q

What is the function of the ovaries?

A

produces oestrogen

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7
Q

What is the function of the testes?

A

produces testosterone

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8
Q

What are the 3 main differences between the endocrine system and the nervous system?

A

ECS - long lived response, slow response, uses chemical messages
NVS - short response, rapid response, uses elctrcl impulses,

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9
Q

Define glucagon.

A

hormone ↑ bld glcs lvls

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10
Q

Define insulin.

A

hormone ↓ bld glcs lvls

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11
Q

What is glucose?

A

sgr

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12
Q

Define glycogen.

A

str molecule for glcs

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13
Q

What is a negative feedback loop?

A

systm that tries to mntn stdy state

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14
Q

What happens if blood glucose levels increase?

A

pancreas releases insulin

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15
Q

After the pancreas releases insulin, what happens in the body?

A

glcs moves from bld -> mscl cells & liver
insulin stimulates liver to turn excess glcs
-> glycogen = bld glcs lvls normal

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16
Q

What happens in blood glucose levels fall?

A

pancrease releases glucagon

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17
Q

After the pancreas releases glucagon, what happens in the body?

A

glucgn stmlts liver turn glycogen -> glucose

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18
Q

What causes Type 1 diabetes?

A

pancreas does not produce insulin

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19
Q

What causes Type 2 diabetes?

A

body stops responding to insulin

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20
Q

What are risk factors of Type 2 diabetes?

A

genetics, age, obesity & lck of exercise

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21
Q

How can Type 1 diabetes be managed?

A

insulin injections

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22
Q

How can Type 2 diabetes be managed?

A

diet (eg.carbohydrate intake) & exercise

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23
Q

How can Type 1 diabetes be cured?

A

pancreas trnsplnts

24
Q

How can Type 2 diabetes be cured?

A

it can’t be cured

25
Q

Define a negative feedback loop.

A

system that tries to maintain steady state

26
Q

What does thyroxine do? Where is it made?

A

stimlts basal metabolic rate - thyroid

27
Q

What does thyroxine play an important role?

A

grwth & dvlpmnt

28
Q

Define basal metabolic rate.

A

metabolic rate when ur body is @ rest

29
Q

Define metabolism.

A

sum of all reactions in body

30
Q

The levels of which 3 hormones are controlled negative feedback?

A

insulin, glucagon & thyroxine

31
Q

What are the levels of thyroxine controlled by?

A

TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

32
Q

Where is TSH made?

A

pituitary

33
Q

What happens if there is a fall in thyroxine in the blood?

A
  • pttry gland releases more TSH
  • trggrs thyroid gland -> release more thyrxn
  • normal thyrxn levels
34
Q

What happens if there is a rise in thyroxine in the blood?

A
  • pttry gland prvntd from releasing TSH
  • trggrs thyroid -> release less thyroxine
  • normal thyrxn levels
35
Q

What are the effects of adrenaline on the body?

A

↑ heart rate = more oxygen & glucose are dlvrd -> brain & muscles
preprng body for ‘fight or flight’

36
Q

Define secondary sexual characteristics.

A

changes that occur when u go thrgh puberty

37
Q

How long does the menstrual cycle last?

A

28 days

38
Q

What is oestrogen’s role in the menstrual cycle?

A

thickens uterus lining
stops release of FSH & stimulates release of LH

39
Q

On day 1 of the menstrual cycle, what happens? What is this process called?

A

egg & uterus lining are lost in a period = menustration

40
Q

On day 7 of the menstrual cycle, what happens?

A

uterus wall thickens & new egg matures in ovary

41
Q

On day 14 of the menstrual cycle, what happens?

A

egg is released & uterus wall is @ thickest

42
Q

What is it called when the egg is released?

A

ovulation

43
Q

On day 21 of the menstrual cycle, what happens?

A

egg moves down fallopian tube & if egg is unfertilised = lining breaks down

44
Q

What is FSH’s role in the mentstrual cycle?

A

causes egg -> grow & mature & stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen

45
Q

What is LH’s role in the menstrual cycle?

A

stimulates release of egg

46
Q

What is progesterone’s role in the menstrual cycle?

A

maintains uterus lining & stops release of FSH & LH

47
Q

Why is it important for the changes to the uterus to occur?

A

so zygote (fertilised egg) can implant itself in uterus lining

48
Q

Where is FSH & LH secreted?

A

pttry gland

49
Q

What is the main male reproductive hormone? Where is produced? What it’s function?

A

testes - testosterone -> stimulate sperm prdctn

50
Q

In the first stage of the menstrual cycle, what hormone is produced?

A

FSH released by pttry gland

51
Q

After FSH had been intially released, what happens?

A

FSH trvls in blood -> ovaries where it causes egg -> mature

52
Q

At the same time of FSH causing an egg to mature, what happens?

A

FSH stmlts ovaries -> release oestrogen

53
Q

What does oestrogen do once it has been released from the ovaries?

A

stops pttry glands releasing FSH & stmlts it -> release LH

54
Q

Once the pttry gland has started releasing LH, what happens?

A

ovary releases egg & ovaries produce progesterone

55
Q

After the ovaries starts producing progesterone, what happens?

A

progesterone stop pttry gland from releasing FSH & LH

56
Q

Why would progesterone levels fall?

A

if fertilisation does not take place

GCSE Biology - Paper 2 (6 decks)

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