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GCSE Biology - Paper 2 > B10 - The Human Nervous System > Flashcards

B10 - The Human Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Define homeostasis.

A

kpng condtns. inside cell or body @ optimum levels

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2
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

△ in envrnmnt

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3
Q

What do receptor cells do?

A

detects △ in envrnmnt (can be internal or external)

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4
Q

Give 3 examples of a coordination centre.

A

brain, spinal cord & pancreas

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5
Q

What does the coordination centre do?

A

processes info from receptor cells & sends instrctns -> effectors

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6
Q

Define effector.

A

muscles eg.contracts or glands eg.secretes hormones that carries out response

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7
Q

What is the typical order for automatic control system?

A

stimuli -> receptor -> coordination centre (CNS) -> effector -> response!

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8
Q

What is the CNS? what does it consist of?

A

central nervous system - brain & spinal cord

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9
Q

How do parts of the reflex arc send electrical impulses?

A

down neurones

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10
Q

What would detect the heat if you touched a hot object?

A

temp. receptors in skin

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11
Q

After receptors detecting that you have touched a hot object, what happens?

A

electrical impulses go from receptor, along sensory neurone -> CNS

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12
Q

At the end of any neurone, what is there? What happens there?

A

synapse = which releases neurotransmitter that diffuses to next neurone in CNS & triggers electrical impulse

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13
Q

Why does the temperature of your body need to be controlled?

A

too ↑ & enzymes dntr
too ↓ & enzymes work too slowly

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14
Q

Where are temperature receptors found?

A

skin & brain

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15
Q

Which coordination centre maintains temperature?

A

brain

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16
Q

How do the effectors respond to a temperature change?

A

muscles - shiver
glands - sweat

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17
Q

Why do the water and ion levels of plants need to be controlled?

A

too ↑ & H2O leaves cells by osmosis
too ↓ & H2O enters cells by osmosis & cells burst

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18
Q

Where are water and ion level receptors found?

A

brain

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19
Q

Which coordination centre maintains water and ion levels?

A

brain

20
Q

How do the effectors respond to a change in water & ion levels?

A

glands - release hormones change how dilute urine is

21
Q

Why does the blood sugar of the human body need to be controlled?

A

too ↑ & causes circulation probs.
too ↓ & can’t respire

22
Q

Where are the blood sugar receptors found?

A

pancreas

23
Q

What is the coordination centre that maintains blood sugar levels?

A

pancreas

24
Q

How do the effectors respond to low blood sugar levels?

A

glands - release hormones control blood sugar levels

25
Q

What is the order for the reflex arc?

A

sensory neurone -> relay neurone -> motor neurone

26
Q

Define synapse.

A

junction between neurones

27
Q

What happens at the synapse in the reflex arc?

A
  • neurotransmitter released at end of snsry neurone
  • neurotransmitter diffuses across to rly neurone in CNS
  • this triggers electrical impulse
  • elctrcl impulse passes along rly neurone & reaches next synapse
28
Q

What does the cerebal cortex in the brain do?

A

controls consciousness, intelligence, memory & language

29
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

produces many different hormones to coordinate & control body systems

30
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

controls coordinating muscular activity & balance

31
Q

What are 4 things that will affect reaction time?

A

alcohol, caffeine, biological sex, fatigue

32
Q

What 3 reasons explain why it is difficult to study the brain & treat brain disease/damage?

A
  • brain = protected by skull so tricky to access
  • structures of brain = extremely complex
  • brain = extremely delicate & easy -> damage
33
Q

What are 3 ways that scientists investigate the brain?

A
  • see where damage has tkn place & link to its function
  • elctrclly stimulate parts of brain & observe effects on person’s behaviour
  • use MRI scanning -> see which parts of brain are most active during activities
34
Q

What is the cornea’s function?

A

Refracts light - it bends as it enters the eye

35
Q

What is the lens’ function?

A

Further refracts the light to focus it onto the retina

36
Q

What is the retina’s function?

A

bck of eye - contains the light receptors which send elctrcl impulses -> optic nerve in brain

37
Q

What is the optic nerve’s function?

A

Carries the electrical impulses between the brain & the eye

38
Q

What is the scelra’s function?

A

tough white outer layer that protects eye

39
Q

What is the iris’ function?

A

controls how much light enters eye
- dark room= little light enters, muscle contracts & pupil size increases
- bright room= lots of light enters, muscles relax & pupil size decreases

40
Q

What is the pupil’s function?

A

Small hole at centre of iris through which light enters eye

41
Q

What is the suspensory ligaments function?

A

connects ciliary muscle -> lens & holds lens in place

42
Q

What is the ciliary muscle’s function?

A

change thickness of lens by cntrctng or rlxng

43
Q

Define accomodation.

A

ability -> change shape of lens -> focus on nar or distant objects

44
Q

What are the cilary muscles?

A

muscles connctd -> lens by sspnsry lgmnts

45
Q

How does the eye focus on a near object?

A
  • ciliary muscles contrct
  • sspnsry lgmnts loosen
  • lens is now thicker & rfrcts light rays more strongly
46
Q

How does the eye focus on a distant object?

A
  • ciliary muscles contract
  • sspnsry lgmnts are pulled tight
  • lens is now pulled think & only slightly refracts light rays

GCSE Biology - Paper 2 (6 decks)

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