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Biology > B11 DNA and Reproduction > Flashcards

B11 DNA and Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

What structures contain coiled DNA?

A

Chromosomes

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2
Q

What kind of molecule is DNA?

A

A polymer

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3
Q

What do genes do?

A

Code for (tell cells to produce) a certain sequence of amino acids that form a particular protein

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4
Q

List 3 reasons why understanding the human genome is important:

A
  • Identification of disease related genes
  • Developing treatment of genetic illness
  • Tracing the historic global migration of certain populations
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5
Q

What are the monomers of DNA?

A

Nucleotides

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6
Q

What are nucleotides made up of?

A

A sugar, a phosphate group and one base

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7
Q

How are the sugars and phosphate groups arranged in nucleotides?

A

In alternating parts

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8
Q

What do the order of bases decide?

A

The order of amino acids in a protein

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9
Q

How many bases code for an amino acid?

A

3

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10
Q

Which bases link with which?

A

A links with T and C links with G

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11
Q

What do ‘non-coding’ parts of DNA do?

A

Control whether or not a gene is expressed/used to synthesise a protein

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12
Q

Where are proteins assembled?

A

In the ribosomes

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13
Q

What molecule is created using DNA to aid protein synthesis?

A

mRNA- messenger RNA

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14
Q

Describe how mRNA is used to synthesise proteins:

A
  • 1 strand of a gene is replicated to form mRNA
  • mRNA binds to the ribosome
  • tRNA carrier molecules bring amino acids
  • Carrier molecules contain an anti-codon at the bottom that is complementary to the mRNA codons (groups of 3 base pairs)
  • The carrier molecules bind to the complementary codons, bringing the amino acids into the correct order
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15
Q

What do proteins do once they have been assembled?

A

They fold into a certain shape.

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16
Q

What type of molecules are proteins?

A

Polypeptides

17
Q

Name 3 types of protein:

A
  • Structural proteins (i.e. collagen)
  • Hormones
  • Enzymes
18
Q

Mutations occur _________

A

Continuously/randomly

19
Q

What do mutations do to genes?

A

Change the sequence of base pairs

20
Q

Explain the effect of genetic mutations on a protein:

A

The protein may be altered, as the sequence of base pairs are changed, which affects the way amino acids are arranged in protein synthesis.

21
Q

Do most mutations have a notable effect on a protein?

A

No- often little to no effect

22
Q

How could a mutation affect a structural protein’s ability to carry out a function?

A

It may lose its strength due to the shape being changed, meaning the structure and support provided are weaker.

23
Q

What is the effect of a mutation in non-coding DNA?

A

It could alter how a gene is expressed.

24
Q

What are the 3 types of mutation?

A
  • Insertions- new base inserted
  • Deletions
  • Substitutions
25
Q

What kind of cells have only 23 chromosomes?

A

Haploid cells- gametes

26
Q

What process involves the fusion of gametes?

A

Fertilisation

27
Q

Why does sexual reproduction create variation?

A

Male and female gametes fuse, causing the offspring to have a mixture of chromosomal DNA.

28
Q

What does asexual reproduction produce?

A

A clone

29
Q

Why are the daughter cells produced via meiosis not genetically identical?

A

When the second division occurs, the two sets of daughter cells get different combinations of chromosomes.

30
Q

List 2 advantages of sexual reproduction:

A
  • Creates variation, which could lead to a survival advantage in an organism
  • Selective breeding- aids food production by breeding animals with desirable characteristics
31
Q

List 2 advantages of asexual reproduction:

A
  • Faster and less energy-intensive- don’t need to find a mate
  • Many identical offspring can be produced in favourable conditions
32
Q

How does the malaria protist reproduce?

A

Sexually in the mosquito, and asexually in the human host

33
Q

Why may fungi produce spores sexually?

A

To increase the chance of survival in unfavourable conditions

34
Q

True or false- Some plants can reproduce asexually.

A

True

35
Q

Define gene

A

A small section of DNA on a chromosome

36
Q

Define genome

A

The whole set of genetic information in an organism

37
Q

Define mutation

A

Random alteration in DNA

Biology (14 decks)

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