B1.1-carbohydrates and lipids

Question 1

variety of carbon structure

Answer 1

carbon makes 4 bonds
-can be 4 single or a mixture of single and double to either carbon atoms of non-metallic elements
-can form diverse carbon patterns
-can form branched, unbranched, sing-ring, multiple-ring chains

Question 2

elements and how many covalent bonds they can make

Answer 2

hydrogen-1
oxygen-2
nitrogen-3
carbon-4
phosphorus-5

Question 3

common functional groups

Answer 3

-OH-hydroxyl
-NH2-amine
-COOH-carboxyl
-H2PO4-phosphate

Question 4

general common categories of molecules
molecule-subcategory-exmples

Answer 4

carbohydrates; monosaccharide (glucose, fructose, ribose), disaccharide(maltose, lactose, sucrose), polysaccharide(starch, glycogen).

proteins- enzymes, antibodies, peptide hormones

lipids; triglycerides(fat stored in adipose tissue), phospholipids(bilayers), steroids (some hormones)

-nucleic acid; nucleotides (DNA, RNA, ATP)

Question 5

macromolecules

Answer 5

large molecules made from monomers; lipids, proteins, carb, aminoacids

Question 6

hydrolysis

Answer 6

reaction that breaks down covalent bonds between monomers in which a water molecule is ‘split’ into H and OH and attach too two different molecules

Question 7

condensation reaction

Answer 7

two molecules joining together to form a larger molecule and releases one water molecule

Question 8

why condensation reactions are important

Answer 8

to break down polymers into monomers which can be absorbed into the bloodstream which enters the cell to build into macromolecule again or as a store of energy

Question 9

classification of carbohydrates

Answer 9

monosaccharide- 1 sugar molecule (glucose, ribose, fructose)

disaccharide-2 sugar molecules (sucrose, maltose, lactose)

polysaccharide-many sugar molecules (starch, glycogen, cellulose)

Question 10

types of monosaccharides

Answer 10

1) pentose monosaccharide: ribose/ deoxyribose -composed of 5 carbons

2) hexose monosaccharide: glucose- 6 carbons

Question 11

properties and uses of glucose

Answer 11

-polar molecule so it is soluble in water
-transported in body fluids
-molecular stability- strong covalent bonds
-high energy yield- good primary energy store.

Question 12

what is a polysaccharide

Answer 12

-long chain of glucose molecules
-combined by condensation reactions
-starch in plants, glycogen in animals
-starch and glycogen are compact due to coiling and branching

Question 13

coiling structure of polysaccharide
- amylose and amylopectin structure

Answer 13

-to make as compact as possible, there are different bonds between glucose molecules;
-alpha 1-4 linkage
-alpha 1-6 linkage

amylose: carbon 1 bonded to carbon 4 of adjacent, forming linear helix shape

amylopectin: carbon 1-6 bonds which forms branches

!!both polymers of starch

Question 14

structure of glycogen

Answer 14

polysaccharide made from glucose monomers bonded similarly to amylopectin but with more numerous branches

Question 15

overview of types of polysaccharides

Answer 15

1) starch- composed of two polysaccharide molecules;
-amylose=long chain of alpha glucose
-amylopectin=long chain of alpha glucose with branches
2)glycogen-short term energy in animals, many branches of alpha glucose
3) cellulose-unbranched polysaccharides made from beta glucose with every second flipped

Question 16

structure of cellulose

Answer 16

1-4 linkage between beta glucose molecules, every second beta molecule flipped resulting in straight chain
-linear polymer forms fibers which join together with hydrogen bonds to form microfibrils, allowing strength of cell wall

Question 17

what is a glycoprotein

Answer 17

(carbohydrate and protein)
-integral protein located within phospholipid bilayer of cells
-has a chain of carbohydrates attaches, which is a specific shape and can act as an antigen

Question 18

roles of glycoproteins

Answer 18

-cell to cell adhesion, forming tissues
-receptors for hormones-when hormones bind to specific glycoprotein receptors, changes metabolism
-cell to cell chemical communication
-recognitions of body self cells versus non self body cells for immune response

Question 19

glycoproteins in ABO blood types

Answer 19

-the glycoprotein on surface of red blood cell determines persons blood type
-acts as an antigen- if glycoprotein is not recognized as self by immune system
-red blood cells can have antigen A or B/ both/neither and the immune system does not produce antibodies against antigens that are present in blood
-O type has neither A or B proteins

Question 20

what are antigens

Answer 20

substance which stimulates an immune response and production of antibodies

Question 21

what happens if someone gets donated wrong blood type

Answer 21

-agglutination=red blood cells clump together
-haemolysis= destruction of RBC which causes blood clotting

Question 22

properties of lipids

Answer 22

-lipids include- fats, oils, waxes, steriods
-can dissolve in non-polar substances
-hydrophobic, don’t dissolve in water

Question 23

structure of triglyceride

Answer 23

-contains one glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids
-formed by condensation reaction

-1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids= 1 triglyceride + 3 water molecules

Question 24

structure of phospholipid

Answer 24

contains one glycerol molecule, 1 organic phosphate group and 2 fatty acids
-formed by condensation reaction

1 glycerol + 2 fatty acids + 1 organic phosphate = 1 phospholipid + 3 water molecules

Question 25

what a fatty acid is composed of

Answer 25

-terminal carboxyl group
-hydrocarbon chain
-methyl group

Question 26

what fats/oils are

Answer 26

fats= triglycerides solid at room temp
oils=triglycerides liquid at room temp

Question 27

properties of fatty acids

Answer 27

1) saturated fatty acid= contains single bonds between carbon in hydrocarbon chain
(has high melting point, ‘fats’ solid at room temp, stores excess energy in animals)

2)monounsaturated fatty acid= fatty acids with one double bond in hydrocarbon chain
(has lower melting point, ‘oils’ liquid at room temp, many plants use as long term energy store)

3) polyunsaturated fatty acids= fatty acids with more than one double bond in hydrocarbon chain
‘’’’

Question 28

two different bonds in fatty acid

Answer 28

cis= hydrogens are on the same side of the chain, resulting in curved shape
trans=hydrogens on opposite side of chain, resulting in straight chain

Question 29

examples of saturated and unsaturated fats

Answer 29

saturated= red meat, butter
mono/poly unsaturated (cis) fats= olive oil, fish oil

Question 30

why triglycerides are suited for adipose tissue

Answer 30

-animals store fat in adipose tissue under the skin, fat stored in form of triglycerides
-lipids store more then twice the energy content of carbohydrates
-fats have low thermal conductivity
-act as an insulator and help endotherms

Question 31

formation of phospholipid bilayers as consequences of hydrophobic and phillic regions

Answer 31

-phospholipids are amphipathic meaning they have both hydrophilic (head) and hydrophobic (tail) regions
-this will form a bilayer in water as the hydrophilic heads will attract water and the tails will remain on the inside

Question 32

steroid hormones shape and properties

Answer 32

-lipids with 4 carbon ring and hydrocarbon chain shape
properties;
-hydrophobic
-able to diffuse directly through phospholipid bilayer and dissolve in the hydrophobic fatty acid tail on inside of bilayer because of its non-polar and hydrophobic properties
-examples are oestradoil and testosterone