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Biology > B11 > Flashcards

B11 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

The endocrine system is your bodies control system that is made up of glands that secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream.

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2
Q

What substance carries the hormone to its targeted organ (or organs) where it produces and effect?

A

Blood

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3
Q

What does the substance insulin control in the human body?

A

It controls your blood glucose lvels, and adrenaline, which prepares your body for fight or flight.

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4
Q

Are hormonal or nervous system processes faster?

A

Hormones can act very rapidly but, compared to the nervous system, many hormonal effects are slower but longer lasting.

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5
Q

Give slow slow-acting hormones with long term effects?

A

Growth hormones and sex hormones.

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6
Q

What do the endocrine glands produce?

A

The endocrine glands produce hormones that provide chemical coordination and control for the body.

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7
Q

Where is the pituitary gland found?

A

The pituitary gland is found in the brain.

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8
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

Like any other gland, the pituitary gland secretes hormones and acts as a master gland. It secretes a variety of different hormones into the blood in response to changes in body conditions.

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9
Q

What does the hormone ADH affect?

A

The hormone ADH is responsible for the amount of urine produced by the kidney.

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10
Q

What is the growth hormone responsible for?

A

The growth hormone is responsible the the rate of growth and development of children from birth to around the age of roughly 19 depending on the child.

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11
Q

What does the hormone thyroxine do?

A

Thyroxine helps controls your metabolic rate.

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12
Q

Which gland produces the hormone thyroxine?

A

The thyroid gland.

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13
Q

List the six main glands in the body.

A 
Pituitary
Thyroid 
Pancreas
Adrenal
Ovaries
Testes
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14
Q

What is the role of pancreas and its hormone?

A

The pancreas secretes a hormone called insulin which controls the levels of glucose in the blood.

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15
Q

What is the role of the adrenal gland and its hormone?

A

The adrenal gland secretes a hormone called adrenaline which prepares the body for stressful situations- ‘fight or flight’ response.

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16
Q

What is the role of the ovaries

A

The ovaries control the development of the female secondary sexual characteristics and it is in the menstrual cycle.

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17
Q

What is the role of the testes?

A

The testes control the development of the male secondary sexual characteristics and are involved in the production of sperm.

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18
Q

Why is it essential that your cells have a constant supply of glucose?

A

They need a constant supply of glucose as it is needed for respiration.

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19
Q

What happens to your blood glucose concentration after eating?

A

After eating it will increase.

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20
Q

What happens to soluble glucose and how is this vital to keeping your body at a narrow blood glucose concentration range?

A

Soluble glucose is converted into an insoluble carbohydrate called glycogen. Insulin controls the storage of glycogen in your muscles and liver. Stored glycogen can be converted back to glucose when it is needed. As a result, your blood glucose stays at a small concentration range.

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21
Q

How can obesity occur from glycogen?

A

When the glycogen stores in the liver and muscles are full, any excess glucose is converted into lipids and stored. If you regularly take in food that results in having more glucose than the liver and muscles can store as glycogen, you will gradually store more and more of it as lipids. Eventually, this will cause obesity and you gain weight from lipids.

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22
Q

What is glucagon?

A

Glucagon is a hormone that is secreted by used when your body falls below the ideal range of your blood glucose concentration.

23
Q

What does glucagon do?

A

Glucagon makes your liver break down glycogen, converting it back into glucose. In this way, the stored glucose is released back into the blood.

24
Q

Describe the process of negative feedback in your body?

A

Negative feedback is when the secretion of insulin and of glucagon work in equilibrium to ensure that your body’s blood glucose concentration is at a stable rate and that you always have enough glucose for respiration in cells.

25
Q

What happens in type 1 diabetes?

A

In type 1 diabetes, your pancreas does not make enough (or any) insulin, your blood glucose concentration is not controlled.

26
Q

What happens to your weight when there is not insulin?

A

Without insulin, glucose cannot get into the cells of your body, so you lack energy and feel tired. You break down fat and protein to use as fuel instead. As a result, you will lose weight.

27
Q

What happens it type 2 diabetes?

A

In type 2 diabetes the pancreas still makes insulin, although it may make less than your body needs. Your body cells stop responding properly to the insulin you make. It is also highly linked to obesity, lack of exercise, or both.

28
Q

Is there a link between genetics and type 2 diabetes?

A

Yes, there is a strong genetic tendency for the person who has parents who have the disease for them to develop it themselves.

29
Q

What treatment is there available for type 1 diabetes?

A

You have insulin injections on a daily basis which will go straight into your bloodstream, ready to be taken into your cells and converted into glycogen in the liver. This stops the concentration of glucose in your blood from getting too high. Then, as a result, your blood glucose levels are kept as stable as possible.

30
Q

Describe the effectiveness of type 1 diabetes treatment.

A

Insulin injections treat diabetes successfully but they do not cure it. Until a cure is developed, someone with type 1 diabetes has to inject insulin every day of their life.

Even well-managed diabetes may cause problems with the circulatory system, kidneys, or eyesight.

31
Q

What things does someone with type 1 diabetes have to look out for on a daily basis?

A

Every day, a person with type 1 diabetes must keep what you eat and their exercise controlled on the basis of how much insulin you inject every day. This is because

32
Q

Give some methods of curing type 1 diabetes.

A

Doctors can transplant a pancreas successfully. However, these operations are risky and difficult. There are not enough pancreas donors for the amount of people with type 1 diabetes.

Doctors can transplant pancreatic cels that make insulin from both dead and living donors. However, this has not been very successfull.

33
Q

Give some methods attempted and still in the devleopment stages for curing type 1 diabetes.

A

In 2005, scientists produced insulin-secreting cells from embryonic stem cells and used them to cure diabetes in mice.

In 2008, UK scientists discovered using genetic engineering, they turned mouse pancreas cells that nornally make enzymes into insulin-producing cells.

Also some scientists are attempting to use adult stem cells in order to create insulin-producing cells.

There are still ethical issues with stem cell treatment even tho it seems like the easiest cure to type 1 diabetes.

34
Q

What 3 things in type 2 diabetes linked to?

A

Obesity, lack of exercise and old age.

35
Q

What happens to someone with type 2 diabetes?

A

Someone with type 2 diabetes will have body cells that no longer respond to any insulin produced.

36
Q

Compare the role of thyroxine in the body and the way it is controlled with the role and control system for adrenaline.

A

Thyroxine controls body’s basic metabolic rate in adults and growth and development in children.

Thyroxine is controlled in negative feedback loop by thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) from pituitary gland.

Adrenaline increases heart and breathing rates, triggers conversion of stored glycogen to glucose, stimulates pupil dilation, heightens mental awareness, diverts blood from digestive system to limb muscles, secreted by adrenal glands upon nervous stimulation

It is not controlled as their is no negative feedback loop.

37
Q

Does type 2 diabetes have to be treated with an insulin injection?

A

No. Type 2 diabetes can be treated without an insulin injection. Many people can restore their normal blood glucose balance by following some recovery steps.

38
Q

What are the recovery steps used in order to restore the blood glucose levels of someone with type 2 diabetes?

A
  • Eating a balanced diet with carefully controlled amounts of carbohydrates.
  • Losing weight
  • Doing regular exercise
39
Q

What can some drugs do to help with your blood glucose concentration equilibrium?

A

Some drugs can help insulin work better on the body cells. They can also help your pancreas make more insulin. Additionally, some drugs can reduce the amount of glucose you absorb from your gut.

40
Q

What is a hormone?

A

A hormone is a large molecule produced in the endocrine gland that provides body’s chemical coordination carried around the body in blood to target organs where it produces an effect

41
Q

Explain how coordination and control by hormones differ from coordination and control by the nervous system.

A

In hormones, the chemicals control the processes of the body which are released from glands that move to the bloodstream. This process can be done very quickly or slowly depending on what the process is. However, all of these processes are slower than the nervous system processes.

In the nervous system, electrical impulses are passed from receptors to the brain. These electrical impulses are transmitted along neurons and synapses these processes can be very fast (especially reflexes). Transmission from one neuron to another involves chemical substances.

42
Q

Why is the pituitary gland called the master gland of the endocrine system?

A

The pituitary gland is a small endocrine gland in the brain that controls many different body processes as well as controlling secretions of many other endocrine glands in the body.

It produces a number of different hormones that give it this control. A pituitary gland called the master gland because so many other endocrine glands rely on it to function.

43
Q

What would happen if the pituitary gland did not produce a sufficient amount of growth hormone in a child?

A

The child would not grow properly/would be short, may look younger than
their age, and may have delayed tooth development.

44
Q

What would happen if the pituitary gland continued to produce lots of growth hormone in an adult?

A

The adult would have acromegaly (chin, nose, ears, hands, and feet continue to grow). If it happened before puberty they would become
unusually tall.

45
Q

Define the term ‘glycogen’.

A

Glycogen is an insoluble carbohydrate stored in the liver.

46
Q

Give three differences between type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes.

A

Any three from:

  • Type 1 is caused by the pancreas making insufficient insulin, type 2 caused by body cells not responding properly to insulin from the pancreas.
  • Type 1 usually appears in children and young adults, type 2 usually affects older or overweight people.

• Type 1 requires insulin injections, type 2 requires insulin injections only if improved diet/increased exercise/losing
weight/drugs not effective.

• Type 1 can be managed but not cured, type 2 may be cured.

47
Q

Compare the treatments of a pancreas transplant and insulin injections for a person with type 1 diabetes.

A

Pancreatic transplant:

Complex surgery, high risk, expensive, patients have to be on immunosuppressant drugs for the rest of their lives, not enough donors.

Insulin injections:

Widely available, self-administered, relatively cheap.

48
Q

Where is the thyroid gland found?

A

The thyroid gland is found in the neck.

49
Q

What does TSH stand for|?

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone.

50
Q

Where are your adrenal glands located?

A

At the top of your kidneys.

51
Q

Give five effects of the adrenaline.

A

Heart rate and breathing rate increase.

Stored glycogen in the liver to be converted for respiration.

The pupils of your eyes dilate to let in more light.

Your mental awareness to increase.

Blood diverted away from your digestive system to the big muscles of the limbs.

52
Q

Adrenaline ______ the delivery of ______ and _______ to your brain and muscles, preparing your body for flight or fight.

A

boosts
oxygen
glucose

53
Q

TRUE OR FALSE…

Thyroxine is controlled by negative feedback, and so is adrenaline

A

FALSE

Thyroxine is but adrenaline is not.

54
Q

How are children in ethiopia having an iodine deficiency and around 40% of the population also have non-communicable diseases caused by low thyroxine levels?

A

The thyroid gland uses iodine to produce the hormone thyroxine. A lack of thyroxine would cause health issues (stunted growth/developmental problems in children, problems including fatigue/immune system damage in adults). Affects people’s ability to fight other communicable diseases.

Biology (8 decks)

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