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Biology > B10 > Flashcards

B10 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Homeostasis is the regulation of the internal conditions of a cell or organism to maintain optimum conditions for function, in response to internal and external changes.

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2
Q

Why is homeostasis important?

A

Homeostasis is important for maintaining optimal conditions for enzyme actions and all cell functions.

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3
Q

What internal conditions are controlled via homeostasis?

A

Homeostasis includes the balancing act of water levels, body temperature, and blood glucose concentration.

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4
Q

What are the conditions on the inside of your body known as?

A

Your internal environment.

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5
Q

Enzymes work at their best in specific conditions of what?

A

Temperature and pH.

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6
Q

_______ control all functions of a ____

A

Enzymes

Cell

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7
Q

What two things does homeostasis involve?

A

Homeostasis involves coordination and control.

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8
Q

What happens in automatic control systems?

A

In automatic control systems, your body will detect changes and respond to them appropriately.

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9
Q

The automatic control systems may involve _______ or ________ responses. They also involve many of your body ______.

A

nervous
chemical
organs

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10
Q

What are receptors and what do they do in the body?

A

Receptors are part of the nervous or hormonal control system of the body that detects changes in the internal or external environment. These changes are more commonly known as stimuli.

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11
Q

What is your coordiantion centre and what does it do in the body?

A

It is the area that receives and processes the information from the receptors. They send out signals and coordinate the response of the body. They iinclude the brain, which acts as a coordination centre for both the nervous system and parts of the hormonal system, the spinal cord, and some organs such as the pancreas.

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12
Q

What are your effectors and what do they do in the body?

A

They are muscles or glands that bring about responses to the stimulus that has been received. These responses restore conditions in the body to the optimum levels.

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13
Q

What do all control systems involve?

A

Receptors, coordiantion centres and effectors.

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14
Q

How can the changes in the nervous system help animals?

A

The changes in your nervous system can help you avoid danger, find food, and eventually find a mate.

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15
Q

What is ‘stimuli’?

A

Any change of something in the environnement.

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16
Q

What are the receptor cells in your eyes?

A

They are the light receptors.

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17
Q

Once a _______ receptor detects a stimulus , the information is sent as an electrical impulse that passes along special cells called ________. These are usually found in bundles of hundreds or even throusands of neurones known as ______.

A

Sensory
Neurones
Nerves

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18
Q

Where does the electrical impulse travel to along the neurone?

A

The central nervous system (CNS).

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19
Q

What is the central nervous system (CNS) made up of?

A

It is made up of the brain and the spinal cord.

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20
Q

What are the cells called that carry impulses from your sense organs to your CNS?

A

Sensory neurons

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21
Q

What are motor neurons?

A

Motor neurons are the neurons that carry the electrical impulses from the CNS to the rest of your body. They carry the impulses to direct the effectors on what to do.

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22
Q

Give an example of an action of some effectors.

A

Your salivary glands produce and release extra saliva when you smell food cooking, and your pancreas releases the hormone insulin when your blood sugar levels go up after a meal.

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23
Q

What is the flow diagram for your nervous system?

A

Stimulus–>Receptor–>CNS–>Effector

24
Q

What are reflexes?

A

Reflexes are the automatic response that are rapid and do not involve a conscious part of your brain.

25
Q

How can reflexes help a human on a day to day basis?

A

Relfexes can help humans by performing basic body fucnctions, such as breathing and moving food through your digestive system. They can also help you avoid danger or harm because they happen so fast without you thinking.

26
Q

What three types of neurone are used during a reflex response?

A

Sensory neurones
Motor neurones
Relay neurones

27
Q

What are relay neurones?

A

They connect a sensory nerone and a motor neurone, and are found in the CNS.

28
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

A reflex arc is the bypass pathway that the electrical impulse travels along. This pathway is importnant as it is the reason why the reflex is not a conscious process. This is because it byapsses the conscious areas of your brain. The result is that the time between the stimulus and the reflex action is as short as possible.

29
Q

What are synpases?

A

Synapses are the junction between two neurones that connect them and allow the electrical impulse to be carried along easily without being diverted.

30
Q

How do synapses work?

A

Synapses work by making a junction between two neurons instead of the electrical impulse having to jump from neuron to neuron or to diffuse which would take a long time and by which time would be processed by the conscious mind.

31
Q

What are the main stages of a reflex arc? (use a flow diagram)

A

Stimulus–>receptor–>sensory neurone–>relay neurone–>motor neurone–>effector–>response.

32
Q

What is the cerebral cortex and what does it do?

A

The cerebral cortex is a part of the brain that is concerned with consciousness, intelligence, memory, and language.

33
Q

What is the cerebellum and what does it do?

A

The cerebellum is a part of the brain that is concerned mainly with coordinating muscular activity and balance.

34
Q

What is the medulla and what does it do?

A

The medulla is a part of the brain that is concerned with unconscious activities such a controlling the heartbeat, the movement of the gut for digestion processes, and breathing.

35
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

The pituitary gland produces many different chemicals (hormones) which play a big part in coordinating and controlling body systems.

36
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

It controls your body temperature.

37
Q

What does MRI stand for?

A

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

38
Q

What does an MRI machine do, and how does this help scientists in diagnosis and research?

A

An MRI scan will show exactly which area of the brain is affected. This can enable scientists to link the loss of a certain function on a particular area of the brain, e.g losing speech with damage to a particular region of the brain. This link can mean that scientists can find trends between different areas of the brain being damaged and the loss of a function in the body expected by the patient.

39
Q

Why is surgery difficult on the brain?

A

Surgery is difficult on the brain because it is not fully understood what each area of the brain does- so therefore it is easy to cause unintended damage.

40
Q

What three things are receptors in the eye sensitive to?

A

They are sensitive to light, intensity, and colour.

41
Q

What is the retina?

A

The retina is the arrangement of all the light-sensitive cells in the back of the eye in a special light-sensitive layer.

42
Q

What is the sclera and what are its characteristics?

A

The sclera is the white outer layer of the eye. It is relatively tough and strong so the eyeball is not easy to damage. The sclera has a call the cornea.

43
Q

What is the cornea and why is it important?

A

The cornea is the transparent area at the front of the eyeball. The curved surface of the cornea is also very important for changing the direction of the light rays coming into the eye, making sure that as they enter the eye they are focused on the retina.

44
Q

What does the iris do on the eye and how is it very important for safety?

A

The iris is a muscular membrane that controls or relaxes to cha get the size of the pupil and so therefore controls, the amount of light reaching the retina.

45
Q

What does the iris do in dim light?

A

In dim light, the iris relaxes as much as possible to let the maximum amount of let in possible so the pupil is big and wide and the retina receives a lot of light.

46
Q

What does the iris do in bright light?

A

In bright light, the iris contracts its muscles to reduce the amount of light that goes through the pupil and reaches the retina. This is so that the light doesn’t damage the delicate, light-sensitive cells.

47
Q

What is the lens held in by? (what muscles)

A

The lens is held in by suspensory ligaments and the ciliary muscles.

48
Q

What is the lens and where is it located?

A

The lens is a clear disc that ‘fine tunes’ the focusing of the light rays, changing their direction to produce a clear image on the retina. It is located just past the pupil as it filters the light past it.

49
Q

What is the eyeball filled with, and what does this do?

A

A thick transparent jelly that maintains its spherical shape.

50
Q

Explain the process of how we see?

A

When light hits the retina, the light-sensitive cells are stimulated. They send impulses to the brain along sensory neurones in the optic nerve. When the brain receives these messages it interprets them as a virtual image.

51
Q

What happens if the light is focused in front or behind the retina?

A

The image seen from the brain will be blurred.

52
Q

By what process is the light focused?

A

By the process of refraction.

53
Q

Explain the process of how the light is focused- from light rays to the image in your head.

A

The light gets processed by the process of refraction., where the light changes direction as it passes through the eye. The cornea and the jelly in the eyeball change the direction of the light rays onto the retina, but they always refract it the same amount. The shape of the lens of the eye can b changed by the contraction or relaxation of the ciliary muscles. This changes the amount the lens refracts the light and this is important for seeing both close and instant objects.

54
Q

What does our brain do to an image before we see it?

A

The image is formed upside down- but our brains interpret the image as the right way up.

55
Q

What is the function of the ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments?

A

They change the shape of the lens to fine focus light on to the retina.

56
Q

What is the function of the optic nerve?

A

It carries electrical impulses from the retina to the brain.

57
Q

What is the accommodation?

A

It is the process of changing the shape of the lens of the eye

Biology (8 decks)

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