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b1.1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main types of cells?

A

Eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells.

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2
Q

What is a key characteristic of eukaryotic cells?

A

Contain genetic material in a nucleus.

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3
Q

What is a key characteristic of prokaryotic cells?

A

Do not contain a nucleus; genetic material floats in the cytoplasm.

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4
Q

What is the size range for eukaryotic cells?

A

10 µm to 100 µm.

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5
Q

What is the size range for prokaryotic cells?

A

1 µm to 10 µm.

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6
Q

Name one example of a prokaryotic cell.

A

Bacterial cells.

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7
Q

List the subcellular structures present in all eukaryotic cells.

A
  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm
  • Cell membrane
  • Mitochondria
    *ribosomes
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8
Q

What is the function of the nucleus in a eukaryotic cell?

A

Controls the activities of the cell and contains genetic material.

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9
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

A selective barrier that controls which substances pass into and out of the cell.

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10
Q

What is the role of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?

A

Site of respiration where energy is produced.

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11
Q

What is the function of cytoplasm?

A

A jelly-like substance where chemical reactions occur to keep the cell alive.

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12
Q

What additional subcellular structures do plant cells have that animal cells do not?

A
  • Cell wall
  • Vacuole
  • Chloroplasts
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13
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

Contain chlorophyll and are involved in photosynthesis.

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14
Q

What is the purpose of the vacuole in plant cells?

A

Full of solution of sugar and salts; helps keep the cell rigid.

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15
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Surrounds the cell and provides support.

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16
Q

Fill in the blank: Plant cells make their own food through _______.

A

photosynthesis.

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17
Q

True or False: All cells are the same.

A

False.

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18
Q

What is the significance of muscle cells containing many mitochondria?

A

They require a lot of energy for contraction.

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19
Q

Describe how plant cells remain rigid.

A

The vacuole is full of solution that maintains pressure against the cell wall.

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20
Q

What do algae have in common with plant cells?

A

Both are eukaryotic and perform photosynthesis.

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21
Q

What is the importance of keeping a glossary of key terms?

A

To aid in understanding and reviewing key concepts.

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22
Q

What are examples of prokaryotes?

A

Examples include:
* Escherichia coli (E. coli)
* Streptococcus bacteria
* Streptomyces bacteria

E. coli can cause food poisoning, Streptococcus causes sore throats, and Streptomyces is used to produce the antibiotic streptomycin.

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23
Q

What are the seven life processes that every single bacterial cell can carry out?

A
  • Movement
  • Reproduction
  • Sensitivity
  • Growth
  • Respiration
  • Excretion
  • Nutrition

These processes are essential for the survival of living organisms.

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24
Q

What is the size of most bacteria?

A

Around 1 um in size

A powerful microscope is required to see them.

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25
What structures do prokaryotic cells contain?
* Cell wall * Cell membrane * Cytoplasm * Genetic material (DNA) ## Footnote Genetic material is usually a long strand of circular DNA.
26
What is the function of the cell wall in prokaryotic cells?
It holds the cell together and protects it ## Footnote The cell wall is made of peptidoglycan.
27
Fill in the blank: Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms without a _______.
nucleus
28
What adaptations may some bacterial cells have?
* Flagella * Pili * Slime capsule * Plasmid ## Footnote Not all bacteria contain all of these features.
29
What is the function of flagella in bacterial cells?
They allow the cell to move through liquids ## Footnote Flagella are tail-like structures.
30
What role do pili play in bacterial cells?
They enable the cell to attach to structures and transfer genetic material between bacteria ## Footnote Pili are tiny hairlike structures.
31
What is the purpose of a slime capsule in bacterial cells?
It protects a bacterium from drying out and from poisonous substances, and helps it stick to surfaces ## Footnote The slime capsule is located outside the cell wall.
32
What is a plasmid?
A circular piece of DNA used to store extra genes ## Footnote These genes may help in times of stress, such as antibiotic resistance.
33
True or False: Bacteria can only be harmful.
False ## Footnote Some bacteria are vital to life, such as those in the intestines.
34
Describe how the genetic material is arranged in a bacterial cell.
It is arranged as a long strand of circular DNA located in the cytoplasm ## Footnote This arrangement differs from eukaryotic cells, which have a nucleus.
35
What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus, whereas eukaryotic cells do ## Footnote Prokaryotes are generally simpler and smaller than eukaryotes.
36
Name two similarities between plant and bacterial cells.
* Both have a cell wall * Both can carry out life processes ## Footnote However, their cell walls are made of different materials (cellulose in plants and peptidoglycan in bacteria).
37
What subcellular features might a pond-living bacterium have?
* Flagella for movement * Slime capsule for protection ## Footnote These adaptations help them thrive in aquatic environments.
38
Calculate the number of 2 um wide Salmonella bacteria that would fit into a gap of 1 mm.
500 bacteria ## Footnote 1 mm = 1000 um, so 1000 um / 2 um = 500.
39
What is the size, in mm, of a colony of 20,000 Salmonella bacteria lined up end to end?
40 mm ## Footnote 20,000 bacteria x 2 um = 40,000 um = 40 mm.
40
What is a light microscope?
A light microscope is an instrument used to observe small structures in detail by passing light through an object and magnifying it with two lenses: the objective lens and the eyepiece lens.
41
Who first saw cells and when?
Robert Hooke first saw cells around 350 years ago.
42
What did Robert Hooke observe that led to the discovery of cells?
He observed cork, a part of tree bark, through a light microscope.
43
List the components of a light microscope.
* Eyepiece lens * Objective lens * Coarse focus knob * Fine focus knob * Stage * Light
44
What is the purpose of the coarse focus knob on a microscope?
The coarse focus knob is used to adjust the stage height quickly to bring the object into rough focus.
45
What is the purpose of the fine focus knob on a microscope?
The fine focus knob is used to bring the object into clear focus after using the coarse focus.
46
Describe the steps to observe cells under a microscope.
* Move the stage to its lowest position * Select the objective lens with the lowest magnification * Place the slide on the stage * Raise the stage to its highest position * Lower the stage slowly using the coarse focus knob * Use the fine focus knob to bring the object into clear focus * Switch to a higher magnification if needed and refocus with the fine focus knob
47
Calculate the total magnification if the eyepiece lens is x10 and the objective lens is x50.
Total magnification = 10 x 50 = 500
48
Why do scientists stain cells?
Scientists stain cells to make them easier to observe, as many cells are colorless.
49
Name two common stains used in microscopy and their purposes.
* Methylene blue - highlights the nucleus of an animal cell * Iodine - highlights plant cell nuclei
50
What is the procedure to apply a stain to cells on a slide?
* Place the cells on a glass slide * Add one drop of stain * Place a coverslip on top * Tap the coverslip gently with a pencil to remove air bubbles
51
Fill in the blank: The formula to calculate total magnification is total magnification = _______.
eyepiece lens magnification x objective lens magnification
52
True or False: The eyepiece lens magnification is always higher than the objective lens magnification.
False
53
What structure does light pass through in a microscope from the object to the eyepiece?
* Object * Slide * Objective lens * Eyepiece lens
54
Describe how to collect skin cells for observation under a microscope.
You can collect skin cells by placing sticky tape on your hand and then removing it, which will have dead skin cells stuck to it.
55
How do cells appear through a microscope?
Cells often look flat through a microscope, but they are actually 3D structures.
56
What is a helpful model to picture a cell and its components?
Use a hen's egg as a model: the yolk is the nucleus, the white is the cytoplasm, and the shell is the cell membrane.
57
What is the resolution of a microscope?
The smallest distance between two points that can be seen as separate entities.
58
What is the smallest structure that can be seen with a light microscope?
0.2 µm (2 x 10^-7 m)
59
How do electron microscopes produce images?
They use electrons instead of light.
60
What is a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)?
A type of electron microscope that produces highly magnified images by passing a beam of electrons through a very thin slice of the sample.
61
What is a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)?
A type of electron microscope that produces a three-dimensional image of a surface by sending a beam of electrons across the specimen.
62
State two advantages of a light microscope compared with an electron microscope.
* Cheap to buy and operate * Small and portable
63
State two disadvantages of an electron microscope compared with a light microscope.
* Expensive to buy and operate * Large and difficult to move
64
What is the resolution of a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)?
Up to 0.1 nm (1 x 10^-10 m)
65
What is an advantage of using a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)?
It produces the most magnified images.
66
What is a disadvantage of using a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)?
Specimens must be dead.
67
What is chlorophyll and where is it stored?
Chlorophyll is the green pigment needed for photosynthesis, stored in flattened membranes within a chloroplast.
68
Why could scientists not see viruses before the 1930s?
They did not have the technology to view structures smaller than 0.2 µm.
69
Fill in the blank: Electron microscopes were developed in the _______.
1930s
70
True or False: Specimens observed with a light microscope can be both living and dead.
True
71
True or False: Electron microscopes produce color images naturally.
False
72
What is one benefit of improved microscope technology to society?
It allows scientists to study the structure of viruses and develop drugs to destroy them.
73
Explain how a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) works.
A beam of electrons passes through a very thin slice of the sample to produce an image.
74
How many times smaller an object can be viewed with a TEM than with a light microscope?
1000 times smaller.
75
What type of image does a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) produce?
A three-dimensional image of a surface.
76
What kind of images do electron microscopes typically produce?
Black and white images.
77
Fill in the blank: The resolution of a light microscope is up to _______.
0.2 µm (2 x 10^-7 m)

bio kerboodle (17 decks)

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