B1:CellStructureAndTransport

Question 1

the magnification power of a light microscope

Answer 1

x2000

Question 2

the resolving power of a light microscope

Answer 2

200nm

Question 3

the magnification power of an electron microscope

Answer 3

x2000000

Question 4

the resolving power of an electron microscope

Answer 4

0.2nm

Question 5

magnification equation

Answer 5

size of image/size of the real object

Question 6

features of an animal cell

Answer 6

nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes

Question 7

the function of the nucleus

Answer 7

controls all activities of the cell

Question 8

the function of the cytoplasm

Answer 8

where most chemical reactions take place

Question 9

the function of the ribosomes

Answer 9

to synthesise proteins

Question 10

the function of the mitochondria

Answer 10

where aerobic respiration occurs

Question 11

the function of the cell membrane

Answer 11

controls the passage of substances into and out of the cell

Question 12

the function of the cell wall

Answer 12

to strengthen the cell and give it support

Question 13

what is the cell wall made up of

Answer 13

cellulose

Question 14

the function of the chloroplasts

Answer 14

filled with chlorophyll for photosynthesis

Question 15

the function of the permanent vacuole

Answer 15

keeps the cell rigid

Question 16

what is the permanent vacuole filled with

Answer 16

cell sap

Question 17

what extra features do plant cells have

Answer 17

cell wall, permanent vacuole and chloroplasts

Question 18

in a eukaryotic cell where is the genetic material stored

Answer 18

in the nucleus

Question 19

what type of cells are eukaryotes

Answer 19

animal cells

Question 20

what type of cells are prokaryotes

Answer 20

bacteria cells

Question 21

where is the DNA stored in a prokaryotic cell

Answer 21

DNA loop called a plasmid

Question 22

examples of specialised animal cells

Answer 22

sperm cell, muscle cell and nerve cell

Question 23

why may animal cells be specialised

Answer 23

to function in a tissue, organ, organ system or organism

Question 24

sperm cell adaptation

Answer 24

filled with mitochondria to swim fast, tail to swim fast, streamlined head shape

Question 25

muscle cell adaptation

Answer 25

they contain special proteins so they can contract, they contain many mitochondria so they can transfer the chemical substances in their reactions, they store glycogen

Question 26

nerve cell adaptation

Answer 26

lots of dendrites to make connections to other cells, an axon that carries a nerve impulse to another cell or between cells, synapses to pass the impulses between cells

Question 27

examples of specialised cells in plants

Answer 27

root hair cells, phloem cells, xylem celsl

Question 28

root hair cell adaptations

Answer 28

greatly increased surface area for water to move into the cell, large permanent vacuole that speeds up the movement of water by osmosis from the soil across the cell, they have many mitochondria that transfer the energy needed for active transport of mineral ions into the root hair cells

Question 29

xylem cell adaptation

Answer 29

lignin is built-in spirals to strengthen the cell, they are long hollow tubes that allow water and minerals to move easily through them

Question 30

phloem cell adaptation

Answer 30

cell walls break down to form sieve plates these allow water carrying dissolved food to move freely up and down the tubes where it is needed, supported by companion cells to help keep them alive

Question 31

what is diffusion

Answer 31

the movement of any particle from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, this follows the concentration gradient

Question 32

what is the rate of diffusion affected by

Answer 32

temperature, different concentrations, surface area

Question 33

examples of diffusion in the body

Answer 33

dissolved substances such as glucose and urea and gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide move into and out of cells by diffusion

Question 34

what is osmosis

Answer 34

movement of water molecules from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution across a partially permeable membrane

Question 35

isotonic

Answer 35

if the concentration of the solutes is the same as the internal concentration

Question 36

hypertonic

Answer 36

if the concentration of the solutes is higher than the internal concentration

Question 37

hypotonic

Answer 37

if the concentration of the solutes is hilower than the internal concentration

Question 38

how can animal cells be damaged by osmosis

Answer 38

if the concentration outside of the cell changes dramatically

Question 39

why is osmosis important in plants

Answer 39

to maintain turgor

Question 40

how can we test osmosis in plants

Answer 40

with the potato cylinders

Question 41

what is active transport

Answer 41

moves substances from a more dilute concentration to a more concentrated solution which is against the concentration gradient

Question 42

where does active transport get energy from

Answer 42

from the energy released in respiration

Question 43

how is active transport used in plants

Answer 43

allows plant root hairs to absorb mineral ions required for healthy growth

Question 44

how is active transport used in humans

Answer 44

to allow sugar molecules used for cell respiration to be absorbed from lower concentrations in the gut into the blood where the concentration is higher

Question 45

what happens to the surface area to volume ratio as the object gets bigger

Answer 45

it falls

Question 46

what type of SA: V ratio do single-cell organisms have

Answer 46

relatively large so all necessary exchanges with the environment take place over this surface

Question 47

adaptations of exchange surfaces

Answer 47

a large surface area with thin walls so the diffusion pathway is short, the efficient blood supply for gaseous exchange or they are ventilated

Question 48

what are the different parts of a cell called

Answer 48

Sub cellular structures