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gcse biology > B1 Cell structure and transport > Flashcards

B1 Cell structure and transport Flashcards

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1
Q

1 kilometre (km) in metres (m)

A

1000 metres (m)

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2
Q

1 metre (m) in centimetres (cm)

A

100 centimetres (cm)

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3
Q

1 centimetre (cm) in milimetres (mm)

A

10 milimetres (mm)

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4
Q

1 milimetre (mm) in micrometres (µm)

A

1000 micrometres (µm)

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5
Q

1 micrometre (µm) in nanometres (nm)

A

1000 nanometres (nm)

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6
Q

How do you calculate the size of an object

A

magnification = size of image / size of real image

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7
Q

Label a light microscope

A
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8
Q

What are the two types of microscope

A

light microscope
electron microscope

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9
Q

What are the benefits of the light microscope

A

cheaper
used almost anywhere
can magnify live specimins

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9
Q

What are the benefits of the electron microscope

A

Can view small organelles
Higher magnification and resolution
can create 3D images

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9
Q

What are the disadvantages of the electron microscope

A

Large
Very expensive
kept at special temperature, pressure and humidity

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9
Q

What is resolution?

A

The ability to distinguish between two separate points and it is the resolving power of a microscope that affects how much detail it can show

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9
Q

What is the resolving power of a light microscope

A

200nm or x 2 000 000

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10
Q

What is the resolving power of an electron microscope

A

0.2nm or x 2 000

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11
Q

What is the function of the nucleus

A

controls all the activities of the cell and is surrounded by the nuclear membrane. It contains the genes on the chromosomes that carry the instructions for making the proteins needed to build new cells or new organisms. the average diameter is around 10µm

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12
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm

A

A liquid gel in which the organelles are suspended and where most of the chemical reactions needed for life to take place

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13
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane

A

Controls the passage of substances such as glucose and mineral ions into the cell. It also controls the movement of substances such as urea or hormones out of the cell.

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14
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria

A

Structures in the cytoplasm where aerobid respiration takes place, releasing energy for the cell. They are very small: 1-2µm in length and only 0.2-0.7µm in diameter

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15
Q

What is the function of the ribosomes

A

Where protein synthesis takes place, making all the proteins needed in the cell

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16
Q

Label an animal cell

A
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17
Q

Are plant cells bigger or smaller than animal cells

A

bigger

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18
Q

What organelle do all plant cells have that animal cells don’t

A

cell wall

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19
Q

What is the function of the cell wall

A

Made of cellulose that strengthens the cell and gives it support

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20
Q

What is the function of the chloroplast

A

They are green due to them containing a green substance (chlorophyll). chlorophyll absorbs light so the plant can make food by photosynthesis. each chloroplast is around 3-5µm long. Root cells do not have chloroplasts because they are underground and do no photosynthesise.

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21
Q

What is the function of the permanent vacuole

A

Its a space in the cytoplasm filled with cell sap. this is important for keeping the cells rigid to support the plant

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22
Q

label a plant cell

A
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23
Q

Give examples of eukaryotic cells

A

Animal, Plant, fungi, protista

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24
Q

What organelles do Eukaryotic cells have?

A

cell membrane, cytoplasm, genetic material enclosed in nucleus

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25
Q

What is genetic material

A

a chemical called DNA and this forms structures called chromosomes that are contained within the nucleus.

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26
Q

What is bacteria

A

sing;e-celled living organisms

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27
Q

Give an example of Prokaryotes

A

bacteria

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28
Q

How big is a Prokaryote?

A

0.2-2.0µm

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29
Q

How much smaller are prokaryotes than eukeryotes

A

1-2 orders of magnitude smaller

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30
Q

What organelles do bacteria contain?

A

cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall,

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31
Q

Where is DNA in prokaryote

A

singe DNA loop found free in the cytoplasm or extra small rings of DNA/plasmids

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32
Q

What is special about cell wall in a prokaryote?

A

not made of cellulose

33
Q

What can some bacteria have on the outside of the cell wall

A

a protective slime capsule

34
Q

What do some bacteria have to move themselves around

A

Flagellum

35
Q

what is flagellum

A

long protein strand that lashes about

36
Q

How do you work out order of magnitude

A

if the bigger number divided by the smaller number is less than 10 then they are the same order of magnitude…. etc.

37
Q

What are nerve cells specialised to do

A

carry electrical impulses around the body of an animal

38
Q

What are the adaptions of a nerve cell?

A

lots of dendrites to make connections to other nerve cells

39
Q

Can you draw and label a nerve cell

A
40
Q

What do muscle cells do?

A

Specialised cells that can contract and relax

41
Q

What do striated muscle cells do

A

They work together in tissues called muscles

42
Q

What are the 3 adaptions of a striated muscle cells

A

-They make contain special proteins that slide over each other making the fibres contract
-They contain many mitochondria to transfer the energy needed for the chemical reactions that takes place as the cells contract to relax
-They can store glycogen, a chemical that can be broken down and used in cellular respiration by the mitochondria to transfer the energy needed for the fibres to contract

43
Q

Draw and label a sperm cell

A
44
Q

What do sperm cells contain?

A

They contain generic information from the male parent.

45
Q

Give some adaptions of the sperm cell

A

-a long tail whips from side to side to help move the sperm through the water or the female reproductive system
-the middle section is full of mitochondria, which transfer the energy needed for the tail to work
-The acrosome stores digestive enzymes for breaking down the outer layers of the egg
-a large nucleus contains the genetic material information to be passed on

46
Q

Draw and label a root hair cell

A
47
Q

Where do you find root hair cells?

A

Close to the tips of the growing roots

48
Q

What does the root hair cell do?

A

Helps to take up water and mineral ions more efficiently

49
Q

Give the 3 main adaptions of the root hair cell

A

-they greatly increase the surface area available for water to move into the cell
-they have a large permanent vacuole that speeds up the movement of water by osmosis from soil across the root hair cell
-they have many mitochondria that transfer the energy needed for the active transport of mineral ions into the root hair cells

50
Q

Draw and label a photosynthetic cell

A
51
Q

What are the adaptions of a photosynthetic cell

A

-they contain specialised green structures called chloroplasts containing chlorophyll that trap the light needed for photosynthesis
-they are usually positioned in continuous layers in the leaves and outer layers if the stem of a plant so they absorb as much light as possible.
-they have a large permanent vacuole that helps keep the cell rigid as a result of osmosis. When lots of these rigid cells are arranged together to form photosynthetic tissue they help support the stem. They also keep the leaf spread out so it can capture as much light as possible

52
Q

Draw and label a xylem cell

A
53
Q

Draw and label a phloem cell

A
54
Q

What do xylem cells do?

A

Transport tissue that carries water and mineral ions from the roots to the highest leaves and shoots. It also supports the plant.

55
Q

What are the adaptions of a xylem cell?

A

-they are alive when they are first formed but a special chemical called lignin builds up in spirals in the cell walls. The cells die and form long hollow tubes that allow water and mineral ions to move easily through them, from one end of the plant to the other
-The spirals and rings of lignin in the xylem cells make them very strong and help them withstand the pressure of water moving up the plant. They also help support the plant stem

56
Q

What do Phloem cells do

A

It carries the food made by photosynthesis around the body of the plant.

57
Q

What adaptions do phloem cells have?

A

-the cell walls between the cells break down to form special sieve plates. These allow water carrying dissolved food to move freely up and down the tubes to where it is needed
-Phloem cells lose a lot of internal structures but they are supported by companion cells that help to keep them alive. The mitochondria of the companion cells transfer the energy needed to move dissolved food up and down the plant in phloem

58
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Diffusion is the random movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration down the concentration gradient.

59
Q

What is the equation for net movement?

A

Net movement = particles moving in - particles moving out

60
Q

What affects the rate of diffusion

A

-Concentration gradient - bigger difference in concentration, higher rate of diffusion
-Temperature - higher the temperature, faster diffusion due to more Kinetic Energy in particles
-surface area

61
Q

Give examples of diffusion in living organisms

A

glucose into cell membrane, oxygen, carbon dioxide, urea etc

62
Q

How does oxygen pass from air in your lungs into your red blood cells?

A

diffusion

63
Q

What does osmosis require the cell membrane to be

A

partially permeable

64
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Osmosis is the net movement of water molecules from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential, through a partially permeable membrane.

65
Q

If the concentration of solutes in the solution outside the cell is the same as the internal concentration, the solution is …… to the cell?

A

isotonic

66
Q

If the concentration of solutes in the solution outside the cell is higher than the internal concentration, the solution is …… to the cell?

A

hypertonic

67
Q

If the concentration of solutes in the solution outside the cell is lower than the internal concentration, the solution is …… to the cell?

A

hypotonic

68
Q

What can damage animal cells in terms of water concentration?

A

If the concentration outside the cell changes dramatically

69
Q

When no more ware can physically enter the cell the pressure is called what?

A

turgor

70
Q

What does turgor pressure do to a cell?

A

Makes the cell hard and rigid, which in turn keeps the leaves and stems of the plant rigid and firm

71
Q

Do plant cells need the fluid surrounding it to be hypertonic or hypotonic?

A

hypotonic

72
Q

What is plasmolysis

A

When the vacuole and cytoplasm shrink due to the loss of water making the cell membrane pull away from the cell wall.

73
Q

What can plasmolysis cause?

A

Death of a cell unless osmotic balance is restored quickly

74
Q

What is the potato in different concentrations of water showing?

A

That the purer the water the bigger the potato will grow due to the difference in water potential but if the potato has a higher water potential than the water the opposite will happen and the potato will shrink

75
Q

What is active transport?

A

the movement of particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration against their concentration gradient across a cell membrane.

76
Q

What does active transport require of a cell membrane?

A

a partially permeable membrane

77
Q

What is needed for active transport to occur?

A

energy released from food in respiration to provide it

78
Q

Give an example of active transport

A

Mineral ions in the soil, such as nitrate ions, are usually found in very dilute solutions. These solutions are more dilute than the solution within the plant root hair cells.
Sugar, such as glucose, is always actively absorbed out of your gut and kidney tubules into your blood. This is often done against a large concentration gradient

79
Q

What happens to the surface area : volume ratio as an object gets bigger

A

the ratio gets smaller

80
Q

What are the affects of a low surface area to volume ratio?

A

-Gasses and food molecules can no longer reach every cell inside the organism by simple diffusion
-Metabolic waste cannot be removed fast enough to avoid poisonous the cell

81
Q

Give some adaptions for exchanging materials to make it more effective

A

-Having a large surface area over which exchange can take place
-Having a thin membrane or being thin to provide a short diffusion path
-In animals, having an efficient blood supply moves the diffusing substances away from the exchange surfaces and maintains a steep concentration gradient
-In animals, being ventilated makes gas exchange more efficient by maintaining steep concentration gradients

82
Q

How has the lungs adapted to have a better surface area to volume ratio?

A

The alveoli have an enormous surface area and a very rich blood supply, for effective gas exchange, short diffusion paths and a rich blood supply to make exchange of materials more effective

83
Q

What has a fish gills done to increase its effectiveness?

A

They can maintain the concentration gradients by pumping water over the gills using flaps that covers the gills the operculum

84
Q

How have plants leaves modified over time?

A

Flat, thin leaves, the presence of air spaces in the leaf tissues and stomata all help to provide a big surface area and maintain a steep concentration gradient for the diffusion of substances such as water, mineral ions, and carbon dioxide.

gcse biology (18 decks)

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