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biology > b1 - cell biology > Flashcards

b1 - cell biology Flashcards

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1
Q

where are stem cells found in the human body

A

in the bone marrow

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2
Q

where are chromosomes housed in eukaryotic cells

A

nucleus

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3
Q

how many micrometres in an egg cell

A

200

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4
Q

how big are eukaryotic cells

A

10 - 100 micrometres

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5
Q

how do you perform a light microscope experiment

A
  1. put thin sample of tissue on microscope slide
  2. add a few drops of stain e.g. iodine
  3. place coverslip on tissue and place slide on microscope stage
  4. use objective lens with lowest magnification and focus on the sample
  5. increase magnification and refocus
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6
Q

which microscope allows scientists to understand the functions of sub-cellular structures

A

electron microscope

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7
Q

which microscope was first used in 1933

A

electron microscope

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8
Q

equation for magnification

A

size of image / size of real object

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9
Q

why do animal cells mostly divide for

A

to replace cells and repair tissues

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10
Q

what sub-cellular structures do animal cells not have

A

vacuole
chloroplasts
cell wall

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11
Q

what are ribosomes for

A

making proteins

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12
Q

what process is chlorophyll needed for

A

photosynthesis

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13
Q

where do most of the cell’s chemical reactions take place

A

cytoplasm

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14
Q

what are the uses of stem cells

A

plant cloning
therapeutic cloning
stem cell treatments

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15
Q

what is therapeutic cloning

A

a process that produces an embryo that has the same genome as patient

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16
Q

where are plant stem cells found

A

meristem tissue

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17
Q

what happens when the cell divides

A

2 identical cells are created by the division of the cytoplasm and cell membrane

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18
Q

what happens during mitosis

A

the 2 sets of chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell then the nucleus divides into 2

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19
Q

what happens during the initial growth stage

A

extra ribosomes and mitochondria produced and the cell’s chromosomes are replicated

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20
Q

what do chromosomes contain

A

different genes that produce different proteins

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21
Q

what are the stages of the cell cycle

A

mitosis
initial growth
cell divides

22
Q

what is the cell cycle

A

the series of events involved in cell growth and division

23
Q

what do acrosomes contain

A

digestive enzymes

24
Q

what is resolution

A

the ability to tell apart 2 or more objects that are close

25
Q

what 2 variables matter when using microscopes

A

magnification and resolution

26
Q

what are the adaptations of muscle cells

A

lots of mitochondria and protein fibres that contact

27
Q

what happens when a cell differentiates

A

it becomes a different type of body cell

28
Q

differentiation occurs when cells…

A

acquire different sub-cellular structures

29
Q

what cells can keep their ability to differentiate and create new tissues

A

plant cells

30
Q

which sub-cellular structures can be found in prokaryotic cells

A

single dna loop
plasmids
cell membrane

31
Q

what is active transport

A

the net movement of particles against a concentration gradient

32
Q

what does active transport allow

A

sugar absorption in human gut
mineral absorption in plants

33
Q

what is an independent variable

A

something that is controlled and changed in the experiment

34
Q

what are the features of osmosis

A

partially permeable membrane
net movement of water

35
Q

why does water move by osmosis

A

so that the concentration is the same on both sides of the membrane

36
Q

what is osmosis

A

where water moves from an area of high water concentration to low water concentration

37
Q

why can’t multicellular organisms rely on diffusion

A

their cells are too far from the external environment

38
Q

what is the formula for surface area to volume ratio

A

surface area / volume

39
Q

how does the cell membrane affect diffusion

A

the larger the surface area the faster the rate of diffusion

40
Q

how does the concentration gradient affect diffusion

A

the bigger the difference in concentration in 2 areas the faster the diffusion

41
Q

how does temperature affect diffusion

A

higher = faster

42
Q

what is diffusion

A

net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

43
Q

disadvantage of stem cells

A

they can transfer viral infections

44
Q

how is a sperm cell specialised for its function

A

the acrosome in the head contains enzymes so it can penetrate an egg. the middle piece has lots of mitochondria as it needs energy to swim

45
Q

how are nerve cells specialised for their function

A

thin so can carry messages quickly. branched connections at each end so can connect to other nerve cells to pass messages around the body

46
Q

how are muscle cells specialised for their function

A

contain mitochondria to provide the energy for muscle contraction. they store glycogen which can be sued for respiration

47
Q

how are root hair cells specialised for their function

A

large surface area to increase the rate of absorption. lots of mitochondria to provide energy for active transport

48
Q

how are xylem cells specialised for their function

A

they lose their end wall to form a continuous hollow tube. strengthened by lignin

49
Q

how are phloem cells specialised for their function

A

sieve tubes - its cytoplasm connects one cell to another
companion cells - attached to each sieve tube to provide energy

50
Q

stem cells from meristems in plants can be used to…

A

clone rare species of plants to protect them from extinction

biology (7 decks)

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