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AS GCSE Biology > B1 - Cell Biology > Flashcards

B1 - Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

Examples of Eukaryotic Cells

A

Animal Cells, Plant Cells, Fungi, and Protists

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2
Q

What is a Eukaryotic cell

A

A cell that has a single DNA loop and may have one or more small rings called plasmids

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3
Q

Examples of Prokaryotic Cells

A

Bacteria,

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4
Q

What is Prokaryotic Cells

A

A cell that lacks a nucleus

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5
Q

What is a flagellum

A

A strand of protein that acts as a propeller to move cells forwards

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6
Q

Benefits of Light Microscope

A

More affordable, easy to use, and able to magnify live specimens

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7
Q

Benefits of Electron Microscope

A

Higher magnification, Higher resolution

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8
Q

Disadvantages of Electron Microscope

A

Very expensive, cannot use live specimen

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9
Q

What is Resolution

A

The ability to distinguish between two objects as seperate points

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10
Q

What is Magnification

A

Making an image larger than the object

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11
Q

Prefix: MEGA (M)

A

10^6 - 1 million times larger

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12
Q

Prefix: KILO (K)

A

10^3 - 1000 times larger

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13
Q

Prefix: DECI (d)

A

10^-1 10 times smaller

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14
Q

Prefix: CENTI (c)

A

10^-2 100 times smaller

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15
Q

Prefix: MILLI (m)

A

10^-3 1000 times smaller

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16
Q

Prefix: MICRO ( u)

A

10^-6 1 million times smaller

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17
Q

Prefix: NANO (n)

A

10^-9 1000 million times smaller

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18
Q

Prefix: PICO (p)

A

10^-12 1 trillion time smaller

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19
Q

Equation for Magnification

A

Magnification = Image size / Actual size

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20
Q

What is differentiation

A

When a cell specializes to adapt to suit its function to become a specialized cell

21
Q

Types of Specialized animal cells

A

Nerve Cell, Muscle cell, Sperm cell

22
Q

Function of Nerve Cells

A

Carry electrical impulses around the body

23
Q

Function of Muscle cells

A

Contract and relax to allow movement

24
Q

Function of Sperm cells

A

Fertilise and egg cell

25
Q

Adaptations of Nerve Cells

A
  • Dendrites for connections to other cells
  • Long axon to carry electrical impulses from one place to another
  • Synapses for impulses to pass containing mitochondria to provide energy to make transmitter molecules
26
Q

Adaptations of Muscle Cells

A
  • Special fibres that can slide over each other for contraction and relaxing
    -Lots of mitochondria for contraction
    -Store of glycogen which can be converted to glucose for respiration
27
Q

Adaptations of Sperm Cells

A
  • Tail for movement
    -Middle section full of mitochondria to provide energy for tail to move
    -Digestive enzymes in acrosome (head) to break through egg
    -Large nucleus containing half the genetic info needed to make a human
28
Q

Example of specialized plant cells

A

Root Hair cell, Xylem cell, Photosynthetic cell (palisade cell), Phloem cell

29
Q

Function of root hair cell

A

Absorb water and minerals

30
Q

Function of Photosynthetic cell

A

Carry out phtotsynthesis

31
Q

Function of Xylem cell

A

Transports water and mineral ions form roots

32
Q

Function of Phloem cell

A

Transports glucose around plant

33
Q

Adaptations of Root hair cell

A

-Large surface area for osmosis
-Large permanent vacuole to speed up osmosis
-Lots of mitochondria providing energy for active transport
-No chloroplasts

34
Q

Adaptations of Photosynthetic cells

A

-Lots of chloroplasts
-usually found in outer layer of leaf

35
Q

Adaptations of Xylem cell

A

-Hollow tubes
-Lignin makes cells strong and withstand pressure of water

36
Q

Adaptations of Phloem

A

-Companion cells
-cell walls between cells

37
Q

Stage 1 of Cell Cycle

A

Cell growth (copying of cells)
Copying of chromosomes

38
Q

Stage 2 of Cell Cycle

A

Mitosis

39
Q

Structure of Bacteria

A

Cell Mem
Cell Wall
Cytoplasm
Plasmids
Strands of DNA

40
Q

Stage 3 of Cell Cycle

A

Cell Division

41
Q

What happens during Stage 1 of Cell Cycle

A

Cell grows and duplicates subcellular structures
Duplicates DNA

42
Q

What happens during Stage 2 of Cell Cycle

A

-Chromosomes line up at centre of cell and pulled apart by cell fibres (2 arms to opposite sides of cell)
-Membranes form around each set of chromosomes, becoming nuclei
-Cytoplasm and Cell Membrane divided

2 Daughter cells identical to parent cell

43
Q

How do Prokaryotic Cells divide?

A

Binary Fission

44
Q

What is the inhibition zone

A

The area bacteria have been killed

45
Q

Diffusion

A

Spreading out of particles from an area of HIGHER CONCENTRATION to an area of LOWER CONCENTRATION

46
Q

How to fasten Diffusion rate

A

Bigger concentration gradient
Higher Temperature

47
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration

48
Q

Active Transport

A

Lower to higher through permeable membrane

AS GCSE Biology (14 decks)

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