B1 - Cell Biology Flashcards
Examples of Eukaryotic Cells
Animal Cells, Plant Cells, Fungi, and Protists
What is a Eukaryotic cell
A cell that has a single DNA loop and may have one or more small rings called plasmids
Examples of Prokaryotic Cells
Bacteria,
What is Prokaryotic Cells
A cell that lacks a nucleus
What is a flagellum
A strand of protein that acts as a propeller to move cells forwards
Benefits of Light Microscope
More affordable, easy to use, and able to magnify live specimens
Benefits of Electron Microscope
Higher magnification, Higher resolution
Disadvantages of Electron Microscope
Very expensive, cannot use live specimen
What is Resolution
The ability to distinguish between two objects as seperate points
What is Magnification
Making an image larger than the object
Prefix: MEGA (M)
10^6 - 1 million times larger
Prefix: KILO (K)
10^3 - 1000 times larger
Prefix: DECI (d)
10^-1 10 times smaller
Prefix: CENTI (c)
10^-2 100 times smaller
Prefix: MILLI (m)
10^-3 1000 times smaller
Prefix: MICRO ( u)
10^-6 1 million times smaller
Prefix: NANO (n)
10^-9 1000 million times smaller
Prefix: PICO (p)
10^-12 1 trillion time smaller
Equation for Magnification
Magnification = Image size / Actual size
What is differentiation
When a cell specializes to adapt to suit its function to become a specialized cell
Types of Specialized animal cells
Nerve Cell, Muscle cell, Sperm cell
Function of Nerve Cells
Carry electrical impulses around the body
Function of Muscle cells
Contract and relax to allow movement
Function of Sperm cells
Fertilise and egg cell
Adaptations of Nerve Cells
- Dendrites for connections to other cells
- Long axon to carry electrical impulses from one place to another
- Synapses for impulses to pass containing mitochondria to provide energy to make transmitter molecules
Adaptations of Muscle Cells
- Special fibres that can slide over each other for contraction and relaxing
-Lots of mitochondria for contraction
-Store of glycogen which can be converted to glucose for respiration
Adaptations of Sperm Cells
- Tail for movement
-Middle section full of mitochondria to provide energy for tail to move
-Digestive enzymes in acrosome (head) to break through egg
-Large nucleus containing half the genetic info needed to make a human
Example of specialized plant cells
Root Hair cell, Xylem cell, Photosynthetic cell (palisade cell), Phloem cell
Function of root hair cell
Absorb water and minerals
Function of Photosynthetic cell
Carry out phtotsynthesis
Function of Xylem cell
Transports water and mineral ions form roots
Function of Phloem cell
Transports glucose around plant
Adaptations of Root hair cell
-Large surface area for osmosis
-Large permanent vacuole to speed up osmosis
-Lots of mitochondria providing energy for active transport
-No chloroplasts
Adaptations of Photosynthetic cells
-Lots of chloroplasts
-usually found in outer layer of leaf
Adaptations of Xylem cell
-Hollow tubes
-Lignin makes cells strong and withstand pressure of water
Adaptations of Phloem
-Companion cells
-cell walls between cells
Stage 1 of Cell Cycle
Cell growth (copying of cells)
Copying of chromosomes
Stage 2 of Cell Cycle
Mitosis
Structure of Bacteria
Cell Mem
Cell Wall
Cytoplasm
Plasmids
Strands of DNA
Stage 3 of Cell Cycle
Cell Division
What happens during Stage 1 of Cell Cycle
Cell grows and duplicates subcellular structures
Duplicates DNA
What happens during Stage 2 of Cell Cycle
-Chromosomes line up at centre of cell and pulled apart by cell fibres (2 arms to opposite sides of cell)
-Membranes form around each set of chromosomes, becoming nuclei
-Cytoplasm and Cell Membrane divided
2 Daughter cells identical to parent cell
How do Prokaryotic Cells divide?
Binary Fission
What is the inhibition zone
The area bacteria have been killed
Diffusion
Spreading out of particles from an area of HIGHER CONCENTRATION to an area of LOWER CONCENTRATION
How to fasten Diffusion rate
Bigger concentration gradient
Higher Temperature
Osmosis
Movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration
Active Transport
Lower to higher through permeable membrane
