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B1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Look at the picture of the eye and label it

A

A = Optic Nerve

B = Retina

C = Lens (Pupil in front)

D = Cornea

E = Iris (Ciliary Muscles Behind)

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2
Q

What different ways can fitness be mesured? Name 3

A

Stamina, streth, flexibility, agility, speed, cardiovascular efficency

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3
Q

What is the difference between fitness and health?

A

Physical fitness is the ability to do physical activity, health is the amount someone is free from disease

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4
Q

Name 3 factors that can cause heart disease?

A

High blood pressure, smoking, too much saturated fat/salt

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5
Q

What factors can increase blood pressure?

A

Smoking, too much salt, overweight, stress, too regular alcohol/saturated fat

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6
Q

3 problems associated with high blood pressure?

A

Heart attack, stroke, kidney damage

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7
Q

How smoking increases blood pressure?

A

Carbon monoxide combines with hemoglobin in the red blood cells and prevents from carrying as much oxygen. The heart beats faster to compensate. This puts a strain on the heart. Nicotine increases heart rate.

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8
Q

How saturated fat increases blood pressure?

A

The liver makes cholesterol from saturated fat. Cholesterol is carried in the blood and may be deposited in artery walls. These deposits narrow the arteries and restrict blood-flow. The blood pressure increases to force blood through the narrower gap.

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9
Q

How is blood transported around the body at the correct pressure?

A

Each time the heart beats it’s muscles contract. This pushes the blood out into the arteries at the correct pressure so it reaches all parts of the body.

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10
Q

A person has a blood pressure measurement of 120/80 mmHg - what does this mean?

A

120 refers to the pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts (systolic pressure), and the 80 refers to the pressure in the arteries when the heart relaxes (diastolic pressure)

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11
Q

What happens to systolic pressure during excersize?

A

It goes up, then returns to normal afterwards.

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12
Q

Why do you need to eat, carbohydrates, fat, proteins, iron, general vitamins and minerals, vitamin c, fibre, water

A

To give energy, to give energy, for growth and repair, to make haemoglobin, to help with protection from disease and proper functioning of bodily activities such as with iron, to prevent scurvy, to prevent consipation, to prevent dehydration.

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13
Q

why do some people in developing (2) and developed (1) countries not get enough protein?

A

Developing: Overpopulation, limited investment in agricultural techniques so less food produced Developed : low self esteem and think they will look better.

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14
Q

Why are second class proteins generally not as good - eating more of these is also a reason why developing countries do not get enough protein

A

Most animal proteins provide all the essential amino acids where is individual plant proteins do not - vegetarians should ear a wide variety of plant proteins.

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15
Q

What happens if children do not get enough protein?

A

They will suffer from deficiency diseases from stunted growth, and the body will not be able to fight infection very well

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16
Q

What is the difference between infectious and non infectious diseases? give 3 examples of what may cause the latter

A

Infectious disease is caused by microorganisms to invade your body. These harmful microorganisms are parasites. Noninfectious diseases on not caused by parasites, and could be caused by and mineral deficiency a body disorder, vitamin deficency, or genetic inheritance

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17
Q

What is a parasite and a host?

A

Parasites are a microorganism that invades an animal body, gaining nutrients and shelter from the host.

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18
Q

What is the difference between a malignant and benign tumor?

A

A benign tumor does not spread to other parts of the body, and can be cut out. A malignant tumor does spread to other parts of the body and is more agressive.

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19
Q

Name 3 ways to reduce chances of cancer

A

Not being overwheight, sunbathing very little, or not at all. Eating little red meat and processed food, eating plenty of fresh fruit and vegtables, taking regular excersize, avoiding drinking too much alcohol

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20
Q

What causes infectious diseases, describe it?

A

Parasitic microorganisms called pathogens, which may damage cells and release toxins.

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21
Q

Name four types of pathogens, and diseases caused by them

A

Fungi: Athletes Foot, Bacteria: Cholera, Viruses: Flu

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22
Q

How do Malaria vectors spread disease - how does knowing this help?

A

Malaria is caused by a parasite which is spread by female mosquitos, which when they bite someone can be spread. This makes both humans and mosquitos the host. Knowing this allows for the use of control tactics such as mosquito nets, draining areas of stagnant water and using insecticides.

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23
Q

What is the incidence of a disease and what two factors affect it? Describe these factors

A

The incidence is the rate at which new cases occur in a population each year, per an amount of people. This can be affected by climate: In places where it is warm or hot, vectors may multiply rapidly, and socio-economic factors: no clean drinking water, for example

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24
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

Chemicals to kill or prevent the growth of harmful bacteria or fungi

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25
Q

Why are antibiotics not the same as antivirals?

A

Viruses do not grow, so have no metabolic reactions to be prevented. Antivirals simply inhibit the growth of the virus in the host.

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26
Q

Why do antibiotics have to be used carefully?

A

In case of a resistant strain developing, the whole course must be finished.

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27
Q

Describe the body defenses against becoming ill

A

The skin- stops microbes penetrating into body, and glands produce oils to kill microbes. Blood clotting - the blood contains platelets, and a protein called fibrin, which close the wound quickly. Nasal hairs keep out larger microorganisms, and mucus traps them. Stomach/hydrochloric acid kills harmful microorganisms in food

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28
Q

Describe how white blood cells protect against infection.

A

They engulf pathogens and destroy them, produce antibodies to destroy pathogens - these fit to antigens, chemicals foreign to the body, and then makes copies of the antibody to neutralize the antigen and they produce antitoxins to neutralize toxins produced by pathogens

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29
Q

Describe passive and active immunity

A

If antibodies have been produced against an antigen, some of the white blood cells remain. If the same pathogen infects again, these cells reproduce rapidly and the pathogen is destroyed. This is active immunity. Passive is when these antibodies are instead injected which the body then remembers

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30
Q

Briefly describe the 3 stages of drug testing

A

Tested using computer models and grown human cells - Tested on animals - Tested on clinical trials. These trials often mean many drugs cannot pass the tests, which is why development is expensive and tim-consuming

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31
Q

Describe double blind trials

A

These aim to avoid a patient feeling better just because they think medicine has been taken - the placebo effect. Some volunteers are given placebo, or ‘fake’ versions of the drug.

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32
Q

Describe vaccination

A

Vaccination involves putting an inactive form of pathogen into the body, which act as antigens. These stimulate white blood cells to produce antibodies which can then produce rapidly later if a person is infected.

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33
Q

Give 5 types of drug

A

Depressant, Hallucinogen, painkiller,performance enhancer, stimulant

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34
Q

Give 3 examples of a depressant and its detailed effect on the body

A

Alcohol, solvents and tremazepam, Depressants stop neurons sending nerve impulses, they bind to the receptor molecules it needs to respond to neurotransmitter molecules slowing down brain activity

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35
Q

Give an example of a hallucinogenic and its affect on the body

A

Alters what is heard or seen, LSD

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36
Q

Give two examples of painkillers and the effect on the body

A

Blocks nerve impulses, asprin, paracetamol

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37
Q

Give an exampleof a performance enhancer, and is effect on the body

A

Improves muscle development, anabolic steroids

38
Q

Give 3 examples of a stimulant and a detailed description of the effect on the body

A

Cause more neurotransmitter molecules to diffuse across the synapse increasing brain activity, nicotine caffeine ecstasy

39
Q

Why is smoking during pregnancy dangerous?

A

Reduces amount of oxygen to fetus, increased risk of low birth weight in babies.

40
Q

Give 3 short term effects of alcohol use

A

Sleepiness, impaired judgement, blurred vision, slurred speech, increased blood flow to skin

41
Q

Give a long term effect of alcohol

A

Damage to liver and brain

42
Q

How does alcohol damage the liver?

A

the liver has enzymes that break down alchol, but the products of the reaction are toxic, damaging the liver over time

43
Q

what is in the central nervous system of a human (CNS)

A

brain and spinal chord

44
Q

Describe the cornea and its function

A

Front part of touch outer coat, convex and transparant. Refracts light as it enters eye

45
Q

Describe iris and function

A

pigmented so light cannot pass through.Its muscles contract and relax to control how much light enters pupil

46
Q

Describe the lens and function

A

Transparent, flexible disc behind the iris, focuses light onto the retina

47
Q

Describe retina and function

A

The lining at the back of the eye containing two types of photoreceptor cells - rods - sensitive to dim light and black and white - cones - sensitive to colour,

48
Q

Describe optic nerve and function

A

Bundle of sensory neurons at the back of the eye, carries impulses from eye to brain

49
Q

Advantages/Disadvantages of Binocular vision over monoclular

A

Better depth perception, worse field of view. Birds and lizards have monocular useful for spotting predators. Because human eyes sit side by side, each eye captures a slightly different view

50
Q

Where does the eye focus on the retina for short and long sight?

A

Short: Focuses in front of retina Long: Behind retina

51
Q

why does colour blindness occur

A

People withy colour blindness have a lack of receptors in the retina, or defects in them

52
Q

What is the function of sensory neurones

A

to carry signals to spinal chord and brain

53
Q

what is the function of the relay neurones?

A

to carry messages from one part of the CNS to another

54
Q

what is the function of motor neurones?

A

to carry signals from the CNS to the effectors

55
Q

Label the nerve diagram 1, 2, 3, 5, 9

A

1 - Cell Membrane 2 - Cytoplasm 3 - Axon 9 - Nuleus

5- Nerve Ending

56
Q

Describe what happens at a synapse relating to neurons

A

one neuron releases a chemical into the gap, the signal diffuses across the gap and makes the next neuron transmit an electrical signal

57
Q

Describe a reflex action, two examples and the order after it

A

Reflex actions are actions that do not need the involvement of the brain, very quick responses. This could be a muscle contracting, a gland secreting a hormone. A STIMULUS is detected by a RECEPTOR. A SENSORY NEURON sends a signal to the RELAY NEURON, then a MOTOR NEURON sends a signal to an EFFECTOR which produces a response

58
Q

Describe Problem with short/long sighted and how to correct it

A

short: eyeball too elongated, distance between lens and retina too great, Corrected by concave lens. Long: loss of elasticity in lens, corrected by convex lens

59
Q

What is homeostasis and name 3 substances that must be controlled in the body

A

Conditions in the body are controlled to provide a constant internal environment. This is called homeostasis. The conditions that must be controlled include body temperature, water content, carbon dioxide level and blood sugar level.

60
Q

Why are carbon dioxide levels controlled in homeostasis

A

Carbon dioxide is a waste product of respiration.Carbon dioxide forms an acidic solution when it dissolves in water. Carbon dioxide levels must be controlled to avoid the blood becoming too acidic or too alkaline.

61
Q

Why and how (3 ways) is Body temperature controlled in homeostasis

A

This is controlled to maintain the temperature at which enzymes work best, which is 37 °C. Body temperature can be controlled by: sweating shivering altering blood flow to the skin.

62
Q

Why and how (3 ways) is The body’s water content controlled in homeostasis

A

This is controlled (to protect cells) by stopping too much water from entering or leaving them. Water content can be controlled by altering water loss from the: lungs when we exhale skin by sweating body, in urine produced by the kidneys.

63
Q

Why are Extremes of body temperature dangerous?

A

low temperatures can cause hypothermia and death if untreated high temperatures can cause dehydration, heat stroke and death if untreated.

64
Q

How can heat be gained by the body? (3 ways)

A

respiration, shivering, or by reducing the blood flow to the skin.

65
Q

How can heat be lost in the body? (2 ways)

A

by reducing the blood flow to the skin or by sweating. Sweating increases heat loss by evaporation.

66
Q

Describe in detail why your face goes red or pale in high or low temperatures

A

The blood vessels supplying blood to the skin can dilate or swell. This is called vasodilation. It causes more heat to be carried by the blood to the skin, where it can be lost to the surroundings. Blood vessels can shrink down again. This is called vasoconstriction. It reduces heat loss from the skin once the body’s temperature has returned to normal.

67
Q

Describe in a little detail, with regards to the brain, how the body controls temprature

A

The body’s temperature is monitored by a part of the brain called the hypothalamus. If you are too hot or too cold, it sends nerve impulses to the skin.

68
Q

Where is the pancreas and what does it do?

A

Deep in the back of the stomach, sitting across the back of the abdomen. It produces insulin which helps to control the body’s blood sugar levels

69
Q

What Happens to the pancreas and liver when the blood glucose is too high or too low?

A

Too high

insulin is secreted into the blood, the liver converts glucose into glycogen and the glucose level goes down

It is the oppost for too low - the processes do not happen and less glucose is absorbed by the body cells

70
Q

Describe type 1 diabetes, who it mainly affects, how it works, and how it is controlled.

A

Children and teenagers, or Adults under the age of 40. The pancreas stops making enough insulin, Injections of insulin for life and an appropriate diet.

71
Q

Describe type 2 diabetes, who it mainly affects, how it is controlled, and how it works.

A

Adults, normally over the age of 40 (there is a greater risk in those who have poor diets and/or are overweight). The body no longer responds to its insulin. The body no longer responds to its insulin. Exercise and appropriate diet.

72
Q

What is a tropism and what are the two main types

A

A ‘tropism’ is a growth in response to a stimulus.

positive tropisms – the plant grows towards the stimulus
negative tropisms – the plant grows away from the stimulus.

73
Q

Describe phototropism and geotropism, as well as which parts of the plant have which one positevely.

A

Phototropism is a tropism where the stimulus is light. A geotropism is a tropism where the stimulus is gravity. Shoot: positive phototropism (grow towards the light) negative geotropism (grow against the force of gravity) Roots: Opposite

74
Q

How are tropisms controlled, and what is the thing that controlls them

A

Tropisms are controlled by plant hormones called auxins. These water-soluble chemicals move through the plant in solution.Auxin is a plant hormone produced in the stem tips and roots, which controls the direction of growth.

75
Q

Breifly describe three ways can plant hormones be used

A

Weed killers (Selective weed killers attack some plants but not others), Rooting powder, Controlling fruit ripening (useful for delaying ripening during transport or when fruit is displayed in shops), Dormancy (stops seeds germinating until conditions are ideal for growth).

76
Q

Describe where auxins are found, and how they affect the plant

A

Auxins are mostly made in the tips of the shoots and roots, and can diffuse to other parts of the plant. Auxins change the rate of elongation in plant cells, controlling how long they become. Shoots and roots respond differently to high concentrations of auxins:

cells in shoots grow more
cells in roots grow less.

In a shoot and root, the shaded side contains more auxin.

77
Q

What chromosomes are on male and female mammals?

A

Male mammals carry XY sex chromosomes - female mammals carry XX sex chromosomes.

78
Q

How are inherited disorders caused?

A

By faulty genes on chromosomes, which are mostly (but not always) domiant alleles

79
Q

What are Alleles and what are the two main types?

A

Different versions of a gene are called alleles, and these alleles can be dominant or recessive.

80
Q

Give 3 examples of an inherited charactaristic

A

the shape of the earlobes
eye colour
nose shape.

81
Q

Give 3 characteristics that are both enviromental and inherited

A

intelligence, body mass and heigh

82
Q

What does DNA (Briefly!) do?

A

Carrys the genetic code that determines the characteristics of a living thing.

83
Q

What is a gene and what does it briefly do?

A

A gene is a short section of DNA. Each gene codes for a specific protein by specifying the order in which amino acids must be joined together.

84
Q

What are chromosones made from?

A

Long DNA molecules.

85
Q

How many chromosones do humans have?

A

46, 23 pairs

86
Q

What are gametes and what is unusual about their chromosones?

A

Gametes are sex cells. The male gametes are the sperm, and the female gametes are the eggs.

Gametes contain half the number of chromosomes as body cells do. They contain half the genetic information that body cells do.

87
Q

What are dominant and ressesive alleles?

A

the characteristic controlled by a dominant allele develops if the allele is present on one or both chromosomes in a pair
the characteristic controlled by a recessive allele develops only if the allele is present on both chromosomes in a pair.

88
Q

What dos it mean if an indivual has two identical alleles, two different alleles

A

Homozygous, Heterozygous

89
Q

If somebody was to have blue eyes, through a combination of alleles, what would that be?

A

The phenotype, the characteristics expressed by an individual.

90
Q

What is a genotype?

A

The written down combination of alleles - Tr or Ye for example

91
Q

Name 3 inherited disorders

A

red-green colour blindness
sickle cell anaemia
cystic fibrosis.

92
Q

What does a gentic diagram look like?

A

This.

Biology (3 decks)

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