B1 Flashcards
Look at the picture of the eye and label it
A = Optic Nerve
B = Retina
C = Lens (Pupil in front)
D = Cornea
E = Iris (Ciliary Muscles Behind)
What different ways can fitness be mesured? Name 3
Stamina, streth, flexibility, agility, speed, cardiovascular efficency
What is the difference between fitness and health?
Physical fitness is the ability to do physical activity, health is the amount someone is free from disease
Name 3 factors that can cause heart disease?
High blood pressure, smoking, too much saturated fat/salt
What factors can increase blood pressure?
Smoking, too much salt, overweight, stress, too regular alcohol/saturated fat
3 problems associated with high blood pressure?
Heart attack, stroke, kidney damage
How smoking increases blood pressure?
Carbon monoxide combines with hemoglobin in the red blood cells and prevents from carrying as much oxygen. The heart beats faster to compensate. This puts a strain on the heart. Nicotine increases heart rate.
How saturated fat increases blood pressure?
The liver makes cholesterol from saturated fat. Cholesterol is carried in the blood and may be deposited in artery walls. These deposits narrow the arteries and restrict blood-flow. The blood pressure increases to force blood through the narrower gap.
How is blood transported around the body at the correct pressure?
Each time the heart beats it’s muscles contract. This pushes the blood out into the arteries at the correct pressure so it reaches all parts of the body.
A person has a blood pressure measurement of 120/80 mmHg - what does this mean?
120 refers to the pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts (systolic pressure), and the 80 refers to the pressure in the arteries when the heart relaxes (diastolic pressure)
What happens to systolic pressure during excersize?
It goes up, then returns to normal afterwards.
Why do you need to eat, carbohydrates, fat, proteins, iron, general vitamins and minerals, vitamin c, fibre, water
To give energy, to give energy, for growth and repair, to make haemoglobin, to help with protection from disease and proper functioning of bodily activities such as with iron, to prevent scurvy, to prevent consipation, to prevent dehydration.
why do some people in developing (2) and developed (1) countries not get enough protein?
Developing: Overpopulation, limited investment in agricultural techniques so less food produced Developed : low self esteem and think they will look better.
Why are second class proteins generally not as good - eating more of these is also a reason why developing countries do not get enough protein
Most animal proteins provide all the essential amino acids where is individual plant proteins do not - vegetarians should ear a wide variety of plant proteins.
What happens if children do not get enough protein?
They will suffer from deficiency diseases from stunted growth, and the body will not be able to fight infection very well
What is the difference between infectious and non infectious diseases? give 3 examples of what may cause the latter
Infectious disease is caused by microorganisms to invade your body. These harmful microorganisms are parasites. Noninfectious diseases on not caused by parasites, and could be caused by and mineral deficiency a body disorder, vitamin deficency, or genetic inheritance
What is a parasite and a host?
Parasites are a microorganism that invades an animal body, gaining nutrients and shelter from the host.
What is the difference between a malignant and benign tumor?
A benign tumor does not spread to other parts of the body, and can be cut out. A malignant tumor does spread to other parts of the body and is more agressive.
Name 3 ways to reduce chances of cancer
Not being overwheight, sunbathing very little, or not at all. Eating little red meat and processed food, eating plenty of fresh fruit and vegtables, taking regular excersize, avoiding drinking too much alcohol
What causes infectious diseases, describe it?
Parasitic microorganisms called pathogens, which may damage cells and release toxins.
Name four types of pathogens, and diseases caused by them
Fungi: Athletes Foot, Bacteria: Cholera, Viruses: Flu
How do Malaria vectors spread disease - how does knowing this help?
Malaria is caused by a parasite which is spread by female mosquitos, which when they bite someone can be spread. This makes both humans and mosquitos the host. Knowing this allows for the use of control tactics such as mosquito nets, draining areas of stagnant water and using insecticides.
What is the incidence of a disease and what two factors affect it? Describe these factors
The incidence is the rate at which new cases occur in a population each year, per an amount of people. This can be affected by climate: In places where it is warm or hot, vectors may multiply rapidly, and socio-economic factors: no clean drinking water, for example
What are antibiotics?
Chemicals to kill or prevent the growth of harmful bacteria or fungi
Why are antibiotics not the same as antivirals?
Viruses do not grow, so have no metabolic reactions to be prevented. Antivirals simply inhibit the growth of the virus in the host.
Why do antibiotics have to be used carefully?
In case of a resistant strain developing, the whole course must be finished.
Describe the body defenses against becoming ill
The skin- stops microbes penetrating into body, and glands produce oils to kill microbes. Blood clotting - the blood contains platelets, and a protein called fibrin, which close the wound quickly. Nasal hairs keep out larger microorganisms, and mucus traps them. Stomach/hydrochloric acid kills harmful microorganisms in food
Describe how white blood cells protect against infection.
They engulf pathogens and destroy them, produce antibodies to destroy pathogens - these fit to antigens, chemicals foreign to the body, and then makes copies of the antibody to neutralize the antigen and they produce antitoxins to neutralize toxins produced by pathogens
Describe passive and active immunity
If antibodies have been produced against an antigen, some of the white blood cells remain. If the same pathogen infects again, these cells reproduce rapidly and the pathogen is destroyed. This is active immunity. Passive is when these antibodies are instead injected which the body then remembers
Briefly describe the 3 stages of drug testing
Tested using computer models and grown human cells - Tested on animals - Tested on clinical trials. These trials often mean many drugs cannot pass the tests, which is why development is expensive and tim-consuming
Describe double blind trials
These aim to avoid a patient feeling better just because they think medicine has been taken - the placebo effect. Some volunteers are given placebo, or ‘fake’ versions of the drug.
Describe vaccination
Vaccination involves putting an inactive form of pathogen into the body, which act as antigens. These stimulate white blood cells to produce antibodies which can then produce rapidly later if a person is infected.
Give 5 types of drug
Depressant, Hallucinogen, painkiller,performance enhancer, stimulant
Give 3 examples of a depressant and its detailed effect on the body
Alcohol, solvents and tremazepam, Depressants stop neurons sending nerve impulses, they bind to the receptor molecules it needs to respond to neurotransmitter molecules slowing down brain activity
Give an example of a hallucinogenic and its affect on the body
Alters what is heard or seen, LSD
Give two examples of painkillers and the effect on the body
Blocks nerve impulses, asprin, paracetamol