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biology > b1 > Flashcards

b1 Flashcards

1
Q

name the main organelles in an animal cell and their functions

A

nucleus - controls genetic information and controls cell activities
ribosomes - site of protein synthesis
cell membrane - controls movement of substances in and out of the cell
cytoplasm - gel where chemical reaction takes place
mitochondria - site of aerobic respiration and energy release

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2
Q

name the main organelles in a plant cell

A

nucleus - controls genetic information and controls cell activities
ribosomes - site of protein synthesis
cell membrane - controls movement of substances in and out of the cell
cytoplasm - gel where chemical reaction takes place
mitochondria - site of aerobic respiration and energy release
cell wall - made of cellulose to strengthen the cell
permanent vacuole - filled with cell sap to keep cells rigid
chloroplast - site of photosynthesis

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3
Q

what is the relative size of a bacterial cell

A

0.2 micrometres to 2 micrometres

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4
Q

how is genetic material found in eukaryotic cells

A

found in a chromosome of dna

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5
Q

how is genetic material found in prokaryotic cells

A

in plasmids that float freely

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6
Q

what is cell differentiation

A

cells that have specific genes to carry out specific functions

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7
Q

what is cell differentiation

A

cells that have specific genes to carry out specific functions

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8
Q 
give the function and specialisation of the following:
red blood cell
nerve cell
root hair cell
sperm cell
egg cell
A

red blood cell - carry oxygen/co2 around body - haemoglobin to stick to oxygen, biconcave to travel freely
nerve cell - send n collect electric messages - long n thin to send messages faster, myelin sheath to stop electrical signal travelling down axon
root hair cell - absorb water from soil - long n thin for larger surface area, thin cell wall for allowing water through
sperm cell - fertilise egg - flagellum fro swimming, mitochondria for respiration
egg cell - be fertilised by sperm - mitochondria for energy release, half of mothers genes

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9
Q

list the organisational hierarchy

A

cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

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10
Q

describe the differences in magnification and resolution between electron and light microscopes

A 
magnification
light - 1500
electron - 500,000
resolution
light - 250nm (nanometre)
electron - 0.25nm
electron has better resolution
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11
Q

define binary fission

A

asexual reproduction - separation of body into 2 new bodies

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12
Q

explain how to prepare an uncontaminated culture

A

sterilise incoulating loop using flame
lift n tilt lid of the petri dish - do not fully remove
after the inoculation the lid should be secure down

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13
Q

what is the formula for magnification

A

image size/actual size

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14
Q

define binary fission

A

asexual reproduction - separation of body into 2 new bodies

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15
Q

what is mitosis

A

Mitosis is a process where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells (cell division)

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16
Q

what is the main purposes for mitosis

A 
embryo development
seed germination
plant growth
repairing tissues
replacing loss blood cells
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17
Q

explain steps of mitosis

A

interphase - parent cell has a nuclear membrane and chromatin
prophase - the dna in chromosomes and their copies condenses and nuclear envelope breaks down
metaphase - sister chromatids line up in the middle of the cell.
anaphase - chromosomes are pulled to different ends of the cell
telophase - new nuclear envelopes form and chromosomes decondense
cytokinesis - the 2 identical cells form as the parent cell divides

18
Q

recall cell cycle

A 
cells grow in size, produce dna n synthesise proteins
temporary resting phase
check point
cell continues to grow
dna replicates
cell grows, more proteins produced
check point
division of cell begins
check point
mitosis takes place
19
Q

define a stem cell

A

stem cells are the body’s raw materials — cells from which all other cells with specialised functions are generated
undifferentiated

20
Q

recall the origin of stem cells

A

sperm n egg - fertilised egg - embryo - foetus - stem cell in foetus - stem cell in baby - stem cell in adult

21
Q

list potential healing benefits of adult stem cells

A 
paralysis
parkinsons
muscle loss
skin renewal
vision loss
neural dysfunction
joint n organ repair
metabolic disorders
cardiovascuar repair
22
Q

give benefits of using stem cells

A

some can be frozen for later use (umbilical cord)
replaced damaged cells
can grow into any type of cell
low chance of rejection if from the same person

23
Q

what is a cell

A

image result for what is a cell
Cells are the basic building blocks of all animals and plants. Inside cells are various structures that are specialised to carry out a particular function

24
Q

give ethical issues of stem cells

A

embryos can be produced just for stem cell extraction
costs a lot to store cells
some can contain serious cancer causing mutations
stem cell transplants can be rejected by immune system
can be expensive

25
Q

what is a tissue

A

Tissue is a group of cells that have similar structure and that function together as a unit

26
Q

what is an organ

A

collection of tissues that structurally form a functional unit specialized to perform a particular function

27
Q

what is an organism

A

An organism is an individual form of life that is capable of growing and reproducing, and have one or more cells.

28
Q

define diffusion

A

movement of molecules form an area of high to low concentration

29
Q

list factors that affect diffusion

A

concentration - more particles means slower process
temperature - high temperature is quicker (more energy)
surface area of membrane - more chances of particles entering cell

30
Q

give an example of diffusion in the human body

A

digestion - food absorbed from small intestine to bloodstream
villi increase surface area for easier diffusion
gas exchange in lungs
urea for excretion in kidney

31
Q

what is osmosis

A

Osmosis can be best defined as the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower water concentration
dilute to concentrated

32
Q

give the 3 solutions of different concentrations

A
33
Q

what type of concetration would a plant cell favour

A

hypotonic

34
Q

define active transport

A

movement of substances against a concentration gradient (low to high) through a partially permeable membrane
requiring energy from respiration

35
Q

list uses for active transport in plants and animals

A

absorption of ions into root hair cells

absorption of small amount of sugar into the villi

36
Q

what is the difference between diffusion osmosis and active transport

A

In diffusion and osmosis, substances move down a concentration gradient. However, active transport moves substances against a concentration gradient.Conversely, diffusion and osmosis are passive processes, so they happen without the need for energy.

37
Q

Give examples of diffusion in the body and plants

A
  • gas exchange in the lungs (alveoli)
  • waste product (urea) from the cells into the blood plasma for excretion
  • co2 diffuses into the leaf for photosynthesi
38
Q

Give examples of active transport in the body and plants

A
  • uptake of glucose by epithelial cells in the villi of the small intestine
  • uptake of ions from soil water by root hair cells in plants
  • Sugars from photosynthesis moving from leaves to fruit
  • Amino acids moving along the human intestinal tract
39
Q

Give examples of osmosis in the body and plants

A
  • taking water from waste in the excretion process
  • water absorption via fishes gills
  • digestion in small and large intestine
40
Q

list factors that affect osmosis

A 
concentration gradient
light/dark
temperature
surface area
pressure
41
Q

list factors that affect active transport

A

biology (4 decks)

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