animal tissue, organ n organ systems Flashcards
what is peristalsis
a series of wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract
what 2 muscles are involved in peristalsis
circular and longitudinal
name the food groups and their functions
carbs - starch n sugar for energy production
protein - growth and repair of cells
fats - energy storage and insulation
vitamins - allow for healthy teeth gums eyesight etc
minerals - haemoglobin production, strength in nails and bones etc
fibre - aids movement of digested food
water - required for reactions in cells
name the enzymes for carbohydrate, protein and lipid break down
challenge
where they are found and where they act
carbs - carbohydrases (eg amylase) - salivary glands, pancreas, wall of small intestine - mouth, small intestine
proteins - proteases (eg pepsin) - stomach wall, pancreas, wall of small intestine - stomach, small intestine
lipids - lipases - pancreas - small intestine
what is the test for starch
iodine solution
starch present - blue/black
starch not present - yellow
what is the test for fat
add ethanol then water and mix
fat present - white cloudy/white emulsion
fat not present - clear
what is the test for protein
biuret solution
protein present - purple/lilac
protein not present - blue
what is the test for sugar/glucose
benedicts solution 1:10. heat in a water bath for 5 mins before test
glucose not present - glue
a little glucose present - green, yellow or orange
a lot of glucose present - brick red/dark red
define denaturation
when enzymes are exposed to optimums the shape of their active site changes no longer fitting the substrate
this is irreversible
name some factors that affect enzymes and what happens at the optimums
temperature speeds up reaction as there is more kinetic energy making them move around faster. they collide more so more frequent successful collisions. at the optimum the heat damages the enzyme - denatures
pH beyond the enzymes optimum, too high or too low, will denature the enzyme
what is bile
a substance that turns fats into an emulsion of tiny droplets for easier digestion
made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder
alkaline
what is the function of digestive enzymes
convert food into small soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream
where does gas exchange take place in the lungs
alveoli
what blood vessel carries de-oxygenated blood to the heart
vena cava
what blood vessel carries oxygenated blood to the heart
pulmonary vein
