B: Substances and Complements

Question 1

innate includes:
cellular?
chemical/substances?
response?

Answer 1

-Cellular: Phagocytes

-Chemical/Substance:
– Defensins
– “Complement”
– Interferons

-Response:
– Inflammation
– Fever

Question 2

what is plasma?

Answer 2

-Fluid remaining when Formed Elements are removed
-contains Protein which helps with Inflammation and Clotting aka Anti-hemorrhagic and Anti-microbial

Question 3

what is blood?

Answer 3

-Mostly water containing electrolytes, dissolved gases, nutrients, and proteins

-Includes:
– Iron-binding compounds
– Complement proteins
– Antibodies

Question 4

blood proteins: Fe-Chelators
-what does Fe use?
-transferrin?
-lactoferrin?
-ferritin?

Answer 4

Fe uses ETC, Hemoglobin, Enzyme cofactor

-Transferrin: Bloodstream chelator, Endocytosed by cells

• Lactoferrin: stronger than Transferrin
• Ferritin: Storage (Liver)

Question 5

pathogenic examples of blood-proteins

Answer 5

-Siderophores: Bacterial that steals Fe-chelators
-increases Fe-affinity, kills our blood cells

-Hemolysins: kills Membrane porins and uses Fe for themselves

-excess Fe in blood is bad

Question 6

what are granulocytes?
the three types?
neutrophils and eosinophils?
basophils?

Answer 6

-Contain large granules that stain different colors

-three types:
– Basophils
– Eosinophils
– Neutrophils/ Polymorphonuclear [PMN]

-Neutrophils and eosinophils:
– Phagocytize pathogens
– Capable of emigration (diapedesis)

-Basophils:
– Diapedetic; trigger inflammation response

Question 7

what are agranulocytes?

Answer 7

-Cytoplasm appears uniform under a light microscope

-Two types:
–Lymphocytes: Involved in adaptive immunity
–Monocytes: Leave the blood and mature into macrophages

-Macrophages:
– Phagocytic
– Diapedetic or static: Alveolar + Microglia

Question 8

what is phagocytosis?
stages?

Answer 8

cell eating which move around and look

-Chemotaxis
– Adherence
– Ingestion
– Maturation/Killing: fusion with lysosomes: pH decease, ROS release, protease, lipase, nuclease release
– Elimination: exocytosis

Question 9

chemotaxis?
chemoattractants?

Answer 9

Chemotaxis:
–Chemical-based cell Motility: Chemoattractants (substances which attract chemotaxis)
– Positive vs. Negative:
-positive: signals agent is bad
-negative: own cells produce substances that say don’t attack me, I’m good

Chemoattractants:
– Hormones
– Peptides
– Defensins
– Chemokines

Question 10

what are non-phagocytic killing (NPK)

Answer 10

eosinophils
NKs
neutrophils

Question 11

NPK: eosinophils

Answer 11

Secrete toxins that weaken or kill
– Anti-helminthic
– Attack parasitic helminths by attaching to their surface

Secrete mitochondrial DNA and proteins to form structure
– Anti-bacterial (LPS)

Diagnostic: Eosinophilia, high counts of eosinophils which means there’s an infection

Question 12

NPK: neutrophils

Answer 12

Produce substances that kill nearby invaders:
– O2-
– NO
– ClO-

Generate extracellular fibers:
– Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs): Kamikazes which create webs/ents where agent gets trapped and neutrophil blows itself up

– Bind to and kill bacteria

Question 13

NPK: (NKs)

Answer 13

-Secrete toxins onto surface of virally infected cells and tumors
-Auto-recognition: does not stop even if it’s your own cell
-targets own cells when they’ve been infected which is a problem because they don’t care if cell is bad/good
-very few of these

Question 14

non-specific substances
TLRs
NLRs

Answer 14

TLRs: Toll-Like Receptors
–Integral membrane proteins produced by phagocytic cells
–Pattern recognition: Bind pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
-Trigger: Apoptosis (cell death/cell killing itself), Interferons (hormones that call upon T-cells and B-cells)

NOD (NLRs): Nucleotide Oligomerization Domains
-NOD-Like Receptors
-Trigger: Apoptosis, Interferons

Question 15

non-specific substances:
-interferons (cytokines)
-interferon alpha/beta

Answer 15

-Interferons (Cytokines): Cell communicators that trigger immune system and Trigger general malaise
-Anti-viral or Anti-tumorigenic
-Types:
– I = alpha, beta: Early triggers
– II = gamma : Late triggers

-Early Infection (1-4d): α, β released by WBCs and fibroblasts, respectively
–Kamikaze: Trigger defenses in nearby cells, Induce NK cells
-Neighbors: IFN-receptors which induce OligoAdenylate Synthetase and Protein Kinase
-Implication: Anti-mRNA, Anti-Protein

-late infection: T and NK lymphocyte-released aka adaptive immunity aka macrophage activation factor

Question 16

non-specific chemicals: complement

Answer 16

-Set of serum proteins Activation results in lysis of foreign cells
–Self-reinforcing
-Trigger opsonization: Pathogen coating
-Trigger Inflammation and Fever
-Complement can be activated in three ways:
– Classical pathway
– Alternate pathway
– Lectin pathway

Question 17

classical complement

Answer 17

-Cascade of complement proteins being cleaved which Require antibodies as triggers
-Produce Novel enzymes, Signals (vascular permeability), Inflammation and Opsonizers
-Finally:
–Trigger Membrane Attack Complex [MAC]: Porins: Gram neg. effective

Question 18

complement: alternative

Answer 18

Cascade of complement proteins being cleaved: Antibody-independent
-Produce Multiple cleavage products assembling into one enzyme
-Rapid response: Early response

Question 19

complement: lectin
what is it?
respond to? how?
rare in? abundant in?

Answer 19

-Cascade of complement proteins being cleaved: Lectin-dependent
-Respond to Lectin: Lectins bind Mannose
* Rare in humans
* Abundant in Bacteria / Fungi / Viruses
-Produce: Classical pathway

Question 20

what is inflammation?
characterized?
types?
results?

Answer 20

-Non-specific response to tissue damage from various causes

-Characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain

-types: Acute and Chronic

-Results:
– Dilation and increased permeability of the blood vessels
– Migration of phagocytes
– Tissue repair

Question 21

vasodilation (widen) /permeability (widen and stretchier)

Answer 21

-(V) Triggered by Bradykinin and Histamine: Triggered by clotting factors

-Macrophages: Use TLR and NLR, Release prostaglandins and
Leukotrienes (P)

-Basophils: Induce Mast Cells: Histamines (P)

-Clotting: Contain pathogen, toxins, macrophages and dead cells = Pus

-Results:
– Redness
– Edema
– Neuralgia

Question 22

inflammation:
margination and diapedesis and healing

Answer 22

-Vasodilation increases: Neutrophil, Monocytes

-Vessel receptors attract cells: Margination

-Vessel opens: Diapedesis: Triggers Monocyte → Macrophage maturation

healing: tissue repair: mitosis post damage

Question 23

fever:
what is it?
results when?
response?

Answer 23

-A body temperature over 37°C

-Results when pyrogens trigger the hypothalamus to increase the body’s core temperature:
– Bacterial toxins
– Cytoplasmic contents of bacteria released by lysis
– Antibody-antigen complexes

-Response: Post-crisis