A: Defense

Question 1

the three layers of protection

Answer 1

1. keep pathogens on the outside or neutralize them before infection begins (innate)
2. slow or contain infections when first-line defenses fail (innate)
3. when the second-line defenses don’t contain infections (adaptive)

Question 2

innate vs adaptive

Answer 2

innate: comes with you, includes the first and second line of defense, barriers, pre-natal inheritance and non-specific
adaptive: have to acquire this protection, third line of defense, specific

Question 3

innate cells vs adaptive cells vs both

Answer 3

innate: basophil, eosinophil, mast cell

adaptive: plasma cell; B cells and T cells; T helper cell, cytotoxic T lymphocyte, T regulatory

both: neutrophil, monocyte, dendritic cell and NK cell

Question 4

how does a microorganism win?

Answer 4

must gain entry into host, attach and colonize then survive against host defenses

Question 5

challenges agent faces

Answer 5

1. Basic Resistance:
   – Speciation and overlap
   – Non-Specific
2. Innate Immunity:
   – Barriers
   – Pre-natal inheritance
   – Non-Specific
3. Acquired Immunity:
   – Adaptive
   – Specific

Question 6

barriers: integumentum

Answer 6

-Physical: Epidermal layering
-Barrier of cells: Compressed stratified squamous cells, Sloughing epidermis
-Dendritic cells: Networked phagocytic cells
-Non-specific defense
–Dermal layering: Collagen elasticity

Question 7

what are the two glands within the dermal layer?

Answer 7

-Sudoriferous glands: Salt, Antimicrobial peptides, Lysozyme
-Sebaceous Glands: Sebum

Question 8

substances within the dermal layer

Answer 8

-Salt: Hypertonic environment → crenation

-Antimicrobial peptides (a.k.a. defensins / dermicidins): Peptide (20-50 a.a.), Positively charged, Broad-spectrum Abs (G+, G-, Fungi), Acid-, halo-tolerant

-Lysozyme: Cell wall inhibiting enzyme

-Sebum: Acidic oil, sebum + Sudor = Cerumen

Question 9

what is mucosal surfaces?
non-specific defense?

Answer 9

-Lining of all body cavities exposed to an exterior environment

-Non-specific defense: Urinary, digestive, respiratory and
reproductive tracts

Question 10

how do mucosal surfaces function?

Answer 10

Function in exchange between lumen and internal environment

Question 11

type of layers:
-epithelium
-C-tissue

Answer 11

Epithelium: Single layer
C-tissue: Stratified

Question 12

where are dendritic cells?
what are goblet cells?

Answer 12

-Below epithelium and Extend into mucosal surface, they are Adaptive “sampling” of environment

-Goblet cells Secrete mucin and Support mucociliary action

Question 13

what are tears

Answer 13

lacrimal apparatuses
– Glands + Ducts + Canals
– Combine nasally with mucin and Lysozyme

Question 14

chemicals/ pH of urine, cervical mucus and gastric juice

Answer 14

-Urine: pH 6
-Cervical Mucus: Glycogen → lactic acid by Lactobacillus spp. = pH 3-5
-Gastric Juice: pH 1-3, C. botulinum, S. aureus, H. pylori can survive this pH

Question 15

microflora

Answer 15

-provides is benefits as well as our immune system
-Nutrient competition
-Environmental modification: pH, O2 availability
-Enhance anti-microbial effect
-Trigger of 2° immunity
-Provide vital amines and trace nutrients