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Blood and Lymph Mine > B&L Unit 1 > Flashcards

B&L Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Ensures that each B cell expresses a unique antibody. Only one parental copy of the allele is expressed and other is silenced. Diploid organisms inherit one copy from each parent.

A

Allelic Exclusion

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2
Q

Mature B cell starts by making IgM & IgD membrane-bound antibodies. Later it may switch to IgG, IgE, or IgA. The V domain stays the same and the same but C region of heavy chain changes. Changes are irreversible.

A

Heavy Chain Class Switching

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3
Q

Immunity resulting from utilizing products of someone else’s immune system. System is designed by mother nature. Ex. newborn who is breast feeding.

A

Natural, Passive Immunity

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4
Q

Immunity results from real-life exposure to pathogen. Longest lasting type of immunity.

A

Natural, Active Immunity

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5
Q

Immunity resulting from the use of immune serum or purified antibodies to protect a patient at risk from a particular disease.

A

Artificial, Passive Immunity

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6
Q

Immunity resulting from intentional immunization with vaccines, toxoids, or other antigenic preparations.

A

Artificial, Active Immunity

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7
Q

dsRNA. Molecules associated with groups of pathogens, that are recognized by cells of the innate immune system. They are recognized by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and other pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in both plants and animals.

A

Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern

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8
Q

Primary cell type in germinal center of lymph node follicle. Clonal deletions of these developing cells occur in the bone marrow. After antigen stimulation, somatic hypermutation in these cells causes even greater receptor diversity. Produces antibodies.

A

B Cell

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9
Q

10 polypeptide chains. Major isotype in milk. Most important antibody in GI tract.

A

IgA

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10
Q

Mediates warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Activates complement. Crosses placenta to provide protection to fetus. Opsonizes targets for removal by phagocytes. Neutralizes viruses. Half life is 3 weeks.

A

IgG

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11
Q

Mediates cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia.

A

IgM

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12
Q

Involved in allergic reaction and parasite reaction. Mast cells have receptors for this antibody’s Fc.

A

IgE

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13
Q

Part of antibody molecules that contacts the antigenic determinant.

A

Hypervariable Region

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14
Q

Allele of the antibody chains found in an individual.

A

Allotype

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15
Q

Cells that have antigen-specific receptors. Pokeweed mitogen stimulates cellular division.

A

T & B Lymphocytes

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16
Q

Lyses bacteria. Opsonizes bacteria. Attracts phagocytic cells. Can be activated in absence of antibody.

A

Complement

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17
Q

Immunity of this cell type involves: antigen, angry macrophages, inducer T cells (Th1), and secretion of lymphokines. May contain CD4 or CD8 proteins.

A

T Cells

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18
Q

Chemotactic for PMNs.

A

C5a, Leukotriene B4, IL8, bacterial product

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19
Q

Part of membrane attack complex that polymerizes in the membrane to form a transmembrane channel.

A

C9

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20
Q

Least abundant type of white blood cell in peripheral blood. 0.5% - 1% normal differential.

A

Basophil

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21
Q

Does not change when B cell switches from making IgM to IgG antibodies.

A

Light Chain

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22
Q

40% to 60% normal differential.

A

Neutrophils

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23
Q

20% to 40% normal differential.

A

Lymphocytes

24
Q

2% to 8% normal differential.

A

Monocytes

25
Q

1% to 4% normal differential.

A

Eosinophils

26
Q

Young neutrophil. 0% to 3% normal differential.

A

Bands

27
Q

Order of white blood cell differential percentages.

A

band < basophil < eosinophil < monocyte < lymphatic < neutrophil

28
Q

Central lymphoid organs in humans.

A

Bone Marrow & Thymus

29
Q

In order, gene segments of immunoglobulin heavy chain mRNA.

A

V, D, J, Constant

30
Q

Acts as bridge between innate and adaptive immune system. Phagocyte. Antigen-presenting cell.

A

Dendritic Cell

31
Q

Volume % of erythrocytes in whole blood.

A

Hematocrit

32
Q

Loss of this protein leads to inc. reticulocyte index due to inc. spherocytosis.

A

Spectrin Defect (protein in cytoskeleton)

33
Q

Dec. serum iron, dec. ferritin, dec. % saturation, inc. total iron binding capacity (TIBC).

A

Iron Deficiency

34
Q

Average hemoglobin per RBC.

A

Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH)

35
Q

Description of dec. mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH).

A

Hypochromic

36
Q

Description of inc. mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH).

A

Hyperchromic

37
Q

Cells in bone marrow from which platelets are derived.

A

Megakaryocytes

38
Q

Hemoglobin type that contains 4 beta hemoglobin genes.

A

Hemoglobin H

39
Q

Inc. serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), inc. serum indirect bilirubin, inc. urine hemoglobin, inc. reticulocyte count.

A

Hemolysis

40
Q

= hematocrit / RBC count

A

MCV

41
Q

= 100 - age

A

Bone Marrow Cellularity

42
Q

Dec. Hgb, dec. MCV, dec. MCH.

A

Microcytic, Hypochromic Anemia

43
Q

Description of dec. MCV

A

Microcytic

44
Q

Description of inc. MCV

A

Macrocytic

45
Q

Manifestations include: hand-foot syndrome, aplastic crisis, anemia, splenic sequestration

A

Sickle Cell Anemia

46
Q

Generally only causes disease in setting of diabetes. Leads to fungal infections.

A

Neutrophil Myeloperoxidase

47
Q

Diagnostic cycle of 21 +/- 4 days

A

Cyclic Neutropenia

48
Q

Medicine commonly used in severe congenital neutropenia.

A

Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor (G-CSF)

49
Q

Region on antibody that binds to antigens. It is composed of one constant and one variable domain of each of the heavy and the light chain.

A

Fragment Antigen Binding Region (Fab)

50
Q

When enzyme pepsin cleaves Fab at hinge region, which two fragments are created?

A

F(ab)2 and Fragment Crystallizable Region (Fc)

51
Q

Process by which B cells and T cells are deactivated after they have expressed receptors for self antigens and before they develop into fully immunocompetent lymphocytes.

A

Clonal Deletion

52
Q

Cellular mechanism by which the immune system adapts to the new foreign elements that confront it (eg. microbes), as seen during class switching.

A

Hypermutation

53
Q

Present on every nucleated cell in human body. Presents epitopes of proteins made by cell to cytotoxic T cells. “Look what I’ve made!”

A

Major Histocompatability Complex 1 (MHC1)

54
Q

Helper T Cells bind to this on antigen presenting cells (macrophages, B cells, dendritic cells). “Look what I’ve eaten!” Presents epitope of antigen that has been digested.

A

Major Histocompatability Complex 2 (MHC2)

55
Q

Protein on helper T cells that binds MCH 2.

A

CD4

56
Q

Protein on Cytotoxic T Cells that binds to MCH 1. Kills infected cells.

A

CD8

Blood and Lymph Mine (7 decks)

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