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B I O > B I O F I N A L S L<3333 > Flashcards

B I O F I N A L S L<3333 Flashcards

1
Q

How does cancer occur?

A

The lack of cells responding to normal cell cycle control mechanisms.

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2
Q

How is cell division connected to cancer occurrence?

A

Cancer causes an increase in the rate at which cell division occurs.

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3
Q

What are Chromosomes?

A

DNA molecules are tightly wound up into a coil in Eukaryotes.

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4
Q

What are Histones?

A

A group of basic proteins found in Chromosomes.

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5
Q

What are Chromatins?

A

The relaxed form of DNA.

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6
Q

What are Nucleosomes?

A

A section of DNA that is wrapped around a core of proteins.

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7
Q

What happens during G1?

A

Cells increase in size and synthesize new proteins and organelles.

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8
Q

What happens during G2?

A

Organelles and molecules required for cell division are produced and the cell is ready to start the M-Phase (Mitosis).

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8
Q

What happens during S?

A

Chromosomes are replicated and each chromosome consists of two identical “sister” chromatids. Each pair of chromatids is attached to an area called the centromere.

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9
Q

What is Mitosis?

A

The first of two major stages in Cell Division. The nucleus of a cell is divided into two nuclei with an equal amount of genetic material in both the daughter nuclei.

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10
Q

What is Cytokenesis?

A

The second of two major stages in Cell Division. Cytokinesis splits the parent cell into two identical daughter cells.

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11
Q

What is the longest stage of Mitosis?

A

Prophase.

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12
Q

What is the shortest stage of Mitosis?

A

Anaphase.

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13
Q

What happens during Metaphase?

A

Chromosomes line up across the center of the cell, Microtubules connect the centromere of each chromosome to the poles of the spindle.

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13
Q

What happens during Prophase?

A

Centrioles separate and take up positions on opposite sides of the nucleus. The centrioles lie in the centrosome that helps to organize the spindle ( a fan-like microtubule structure that helps separate the chromosomes.) Chromatin condenses into Chromosomes and the centrioles separate and a spindle begins to form. The nuclear envelope breaks down.

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14
Q

What happens during Anaphase?

A

Sister Chromatids separate into individual chromosomes. The chromosomes continue to move until they have separated into two groups.

15
Q

What happens during Telophase?

A

Chromsomes gather at opposite ends of the cell and lose their distinct shape. A new nuclear envelope forms around each cluster of chromosomes and a cleavage furrow forms in the middle.

16
Q

The order in which Mitosis happens?

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

16
Q

The order in which Mitosis happens from longest to shortest?

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Telophase
Anaphase

16
Q

What happens during Cytokinesis?

A

The cytoplasm pinches in half and each daughter cell has an identical set of duplicate cells. The cell plate forms in plants midway between the divided nuclei. The cell plate gradually develops into a separating membrane. A cell wall then begins to appear in the cell plate.

17
Q

What is the difference between Cytokinesis and Mitosis?

A

Mitosis is a type of cell division in which a whole cell will divide while Cytokinesis is one of the steps of mitosis in which the cytoplasm of the cell divides.

18
Q

Why is adult stem-cell research less controversial than embryonic stem-cell research?

A

Adult stem cell research does not involve the destruction of a human embryo.

19
Q

What is Cell differentiation?

A

The process in which an unspecialized cell becomes specialized in order to carry out specific functions.

20
Q

What causes stem cells to become specialized?

A

Chemical changes to the DNA in which certain genes are permanently turned on or off.

20
Q

When does cell differentiation occur?

A

It occurs at the embryonic stage during human development.

21
Q

What is Gene Expression?

A

The process in which the information encoded in a gene is turned into a function.

21
Q

Why is Cell division important during Embryonic Development?

A

Important for growth and development. It produces new cells and replaces old, lost, and damaged ones during embryonic development.

22
Q

How is Gene Expression Related to Cell Differentiation?

A

Cell Differentiation is caused by changes in Gene Expression.

23
Q

Why is Cell Division important for Organisms after they are born?

A

It is essential for the growth and development of an organism after it’s born.

24
Q

How is the Nervous System related to the Digestive System?

A

The Nervous System sends signals to organs such as the stomach and pancreas in order to regulate digestion.

25
Q

How is the Circulatory System related to the Digestive System?

A

After the small intestine absorbs most of the nutrients in your food it passes it to your circulatory system which passes the nutrients out to other parts of your body to store or use.

25
Q

How is the Respiratory System related to the Digestive System?

A

The digestive system requires oxygen from the Respiratory System in order to break down food into the nutrients that an organism needs to survive.

26
Q

How is the Muscular System related to the Digestive System?

A

The muscle behind the food contracts and squeezes the food forward while the muscle in front of the food relaxes to allow the food to move.

27
Q

The different levels of organization for an organ system?

A

Cells make up tissues, tissues make up organs, and organs make up organ systems.

28
Q

Why are cells small and not large?

A

Cells need to be small in order to perform the tasks a cell needs to do. If cells were bigger it would be harder for the body to replace the cell without disrupting what is going on in the body and delaying the process.

29
Q

What are the different parts of a Chromosome?

A

DNA and Histone Proteins.

30
Q

What are Centrosomes?

A

A region in which the centrioles lie in. They help to organize the spindle which is a fanlike microtubule structure that helps separate the chromosomes.

30
Q

What are the different parts of Chromatin?

A

DNA, RNA, and Protein.

31
Q

What are Cyclins and what are they used for?

A

A group of proteins that control the progression of the cell cycle by activating particular enzymes aka cyclin-dependent kinases.

B I O (9 decks)

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