B & I - Blood Components Flashcards
What is the source of all haemopoietic stem cells?
Bone Marrow
What does blood provide which is required for normal cell function?
Blood provides a one-way pressurized system for the transport of oxygen, proteins, glucose, lipids and essential ions all required for normal cell function.
What is arterial pressure maintained by?
Elastic vessel walls that contain an abundance of smooth muscle.
Why is venous pressure lower than arterial pressure?
Because veins are not elastic; one-way valves are required to prevent backflow.
Why must blood volume be maintained?
To retain pressure
If you lose too much blood, the tissue is starved of?
O2
What is high blood pressure (hypertension) caused by?
A narrowing or hardening of the arteries reducing flow and resulting in unwanted coagulation.
What is oxygen carried by?
haemoglobin, the major protein in RBC
What does inhaled cyanide do?
stops heart muscle activity within seconds
What colour is normal oxygenated blood?
Bright Red
What colour is venous blood?
Dark Red
What colour is blood in someone with carbon monoxide poisoning?
Cherry Red
What colour is blood in someone with cyanide poisoning?
pink
Volume and flow in large vessels
high volume and low flow
Volume and flow in small vessels
low volume and high flow
What does a vast network of tiny capillaries require?
high pressures to force blood through
What do muscular arteries and valves provide?
pressurized directional flow from lungs to tissue and organs
What two things does blood pressure ensure?
- Even and efficient flow through the small capillaries.
2. Low enough to prevent capillary leakage but high enough to avoid coagulation.
What are the six major COMPONENTS of blood
cells, proteins, lipids, electrolytes, vitamins and hormones, glucose.
Three main types of cells in blood
erythroid, myeloid and lymphoid
four examples of proteins in blood
albumin, haemoglobin, fibrinogen, immunoglobulins
Lipids in blood are bound in _______ (HDL, LDL, VLDL)
lipoproteins
electrolytes in blood includes ______ which…..
salts and minerals which maintain isotonicity
what is centrifugation
separation of blood
what is the blood separated into in centrifugation
plasma, buffy coat (white blood cells and platelets) and red blood cells
What is electrophoresis?
Using an electric current to separate proteins
What is plasma? (and what does it contain that is removed with coagulation)
The viscous liquid fraction of blood without cells. Contains fibrinogen that is removed with coagulation.
What is serum?
A less viscous yellow liquid remaining after removal of the clot.
What protein is absent from serum?
Fibrinogen
What happens in serum electrophoresis?
Serum proteins exposed to an electric field separates into 5 distinct bands
what are the bands serum proteins separate into in serum electrophoresis?
albumin, globulin, a1, a2, B, y.
what is multiple myeloma
a form of leukemia where a malignant lymphocyte produces monoclonal Ig.
what diagnoses multiple myeloma?
serum electrophoresis
What resides in the gamma fraction at the end of the serum electrophoresis graph?
antibodies - these are positively charged and migrate to the negative electrode the furthest
What is the most abundant blood cell
erythrocytes
Describe the features and functions of erythrocytes (in terms of nucleus, shape, purpose and main protein)
enucleated (no nucleus), forms a flat disc, sole purpose is to carry oxygen to tissue and thus main protein is haemoglobin
what are leukocytes and which is the most abundant
cells that make up the immune defence - most abundant is neutrophil
Purpose of platelets
coagulation and tissue repair
What type of immunity do myeloid cells provide
innate immunity
what are the four types of myeloid cells
neutrophils, monocytes (become macrophages), basophils, eosinophils
what are the two types of lymphoid cells? (and what component of adaptive immunity do each provide)
B lymphocytes (antibodies - adaptive immunity) T-lymphocytes (cellular - adaptive immunity)
what does albumin do
- maintains colloidal osmotic pressure
2. binds and transports many small molecules and hormones.
what is fibrinogen activated through and what does it form
activated through the coagulation cascade to form cross-linked fibrin
what is fibrinogen cleaved by and what does this form
cleaved by the enzyme thrombin to form cross-linked fibrin that forms the blood clot
what are immunoglobulins and what are they produced by
antibodies - a diverse repertoire of antigen-binding proteins - produced by B lymphocytes
what form of b lymphocytes are immunoglobulins (Ig) produced by?
plasma cells
What is complement
9 proteins that “coat” bacteria targeting them for phagocytosis - helps with opsonization
what is the major complement component
C3
what are coagulation factors?
13 proteins cleaved in an ordered cascade resulting in fibrinogen becoming fibrin.
what ion is essential for coagulation
Ca2+
what causes hemophilia
missing component
what is the most common form of hemophilia
factor VIII deficiency
what are electrolytes useful for
isotonicity and buffering
what pH is blood maintained at
7.4
What is the tight maintaining of free Ca2+ and K+ critical for
regulation of cell membrane channels, ion pumps and normal nerve and muscle function such as the heart
What are the first cells that arrive at the site of infection
neutrophils (through activation of complement)
what do all blood cells begin as
human stem cell (HSC)
where are HSC’s found
bone marrow
what is CD34
a surface antigen marker on HSCs
what does an anti-CD34 antibody do
select and concentrate HSCs from blood prior to bone marrow transplant
HSCs exist in about 10,000 white cells in bone marrow and thus it is critical to get enough HSC to?
reconstitute the patient quickly before infection sets in
what is haematopoiesis
formation of blood cellular components
what are the three important factors that drive haematopoiesis
- GM - CSF
- EPO
- G - CSF
what is GM - CSF
granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor
What is EPO
Erythropoietin
what is G - CSF
granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
what is GM - CSF produced by
macrophages, T cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts
what does GM - CSF stimulate the production of
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and monocytes
what does EPO do
drives the production of erythrocytes
what is EPO produced by
the kidney during adulthood and liver in perinatal
what is G - CSF produced by
many different cells
what does G - CSF stimulate production of
granulocytes but also acts to mature neutrophils
what are G - CSF & GM - CSF commonly administered for
repopulation of white cells in leukaemia patients follow radio-ablation
what is EPO commonly administered for
greater endurance
where are CD34+ cells most abundant
placental cord blood
CD34+ HSC gives rise to which two multipotent stem cells
myeloid or lymphoid progenitors
myeloid progenitor gives rise to what four things
erythrocytes, a platelet producing megakaryocyte, mast cells or myeloblasts
myeloblasts differentiate into what four things
neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils or monocytes
lymphoid progenitor differentiates into what two things
B lymphocytes or T lymphocytes
what does immature T lymphocyte differentiate into
CD4 or CD8
what do lungs allow
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
what is the association and dissociation of O2 from heme regulated by
partial pressure of O2
where does O2 dissociate and associate
associates in lungs dissociates in tissues
