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CST - BIOSCI107 > B & I - Blood Components > Flashcards

B & I - Blood Components Flashcards

1
Q

What is the source of all haemopoietic stem cells?

A

Bone Marrow

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2
Q

What does blood provide which is required for normal cell function?

A

Blood provides a one-way pressurized system for the transport of oxygen, proteins, glucose, lipids and essential ions all required for normal cell function.

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3
Q

What is arterial pressure maintained by?

A

Elastic vessel walls that contain an abundance of smooth muscle.

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4
Q

Why is venous pressure lower than arterial pressure?

A

Because veins are not elastic; one-way valves are required to prevent backflow.

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5
Q

Why must blood volume be maintained?

A

To retain pressure

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6
Q

If you lose too much blood, the tissue is starved of?

A

O2

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7
Q

What is high blood pressure (hypertension) caused by?

A

A narrowing or hardening of the arteries reducing flow and resulting in unwanted coagulation.

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8
Q

What is oxygen carried by?

A

haemoglobin, the major protein in RBC

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9
Q

What does inhaled cyanide do?

A

stops heart muscle activity within seconds

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10
Q

What colour is normal oxygenated blood?

A

Bright Red

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11
Q

What colour is venous blood?

A

Dark Red

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12
Q

What colour is blood in someone with carbon monoxide poisoning?

A

Cherry Red

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13
Q

What colour is blood in someone with cyanide poisoning?

A

pink

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14
Q

Volume and flow in large vessels

A

high volume and low flow

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15
Q

Volume and flow in small vessels

A

low volume and high flow

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16
Q

What does a vast network of tiny capillaries require?

A

high pressures to force blood through

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17
Q

What do muscular arteries and valves provide?

A

pressurized directional flow from lungs to tissue and organs

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18
Q

What two things does blood pressure ensure?

A
  1. Even and efficient flow through the small capillaries.

2. Low enough to prevent capillary leakage but high enough to avoid coagulation.

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19
Q

What are the six major COMPONENTS of blood

A

cells, proteins, lipids, electrolytes, vitamins and hormones, glucose.

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20
Q

Three main types of cells in blood

A

erythroid, myeloid and lymphoid

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21
Q

four examples of proteins in blood

A

albumin, haemoglobin, fibrinogen, immunoglobulins

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22
Q

Lipids in blood are bound in _______ (HDL, LDL, VLDL)

A

lipoproteins

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23
Q

electrolytes in blood includes ______ which…..

A

salts and minerals which maintain isotonicity

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24
Q

what is centrifugation

A

separation of blood

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25
Q

what is the blood separated into in centrifugation

A

plasma, buffy coat (white blood cells and platelets) and red blood cells

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26
Q

What is electrophoresis?

A

Using an electric current to separate proteins

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27
Q

What is plasma? (and what does it contain that is removed with coagulation)

A

The viscous liquid fraction of blood without cells. Contains fibrinogen that is removed with coagulation.

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28
Q

What is serum?

A

A less viscous yellow liquid remaining after removal of the clot.

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29
Q

What protein is absent from serum?

A

Fibrinogen

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30
Q

What happens in serum electrophoresis?

A

Serum proteins exposed to an electric field separates into 5 distinct bands

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31
Q

what are the bands serum proteins separate into in serum electrophoresis?

A

albumin, globulin, a1, a2, B, y.

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32
Q

what is multiple myeloma

A

a form of leukemia where a malignant lymphocyte produces monoclonal Ig.

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33
Q

what diagnoses multiple myeloma?

A

serum electrophoresis

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34
Q

What resides in the gamma fraction at the end of the serum electrophoresis graph?

A

antibodies - these are positively charged and migrate to the negative electrode the furthest

35
Q

What is the most abundant blood cell

A

erythrocytes

36
Q

Describe the features and functions of erythrocytes (in terms of nucleus, shape, purpose and main protein)

A

enucleated (no nucleus), forms a flat disc, sole purpose is to carry oxygen to tissue and thus main protein is haemoglobin

37
Q

what are leukocytes and which is the most abundant

A

cells that make up the immune defence - most abundant is neutrophil

38
Q

Purpose of platelets

A

coagulation and tissue repair

39
Q

What type of immunity do myeloid cells provide

A

innate immunity

40
Q

what are the four types of myeloid cells

A

neutrophils, monocytes (become macrophages), basophils, eosinophils

41
Q

what are the two types of lymphoid cells? (and what component of adaptive immunity do each provide)

A

B lymphocytes (antibodies - adaptive immunity) T-lymphocytes (cellular - adaptive immunity)

42
Q

what does albumin do

A
  1. maintains colloidal osmotic pressure

2. binds and transports many small molecules and hormones.

43
Q

what is fibrinogen activated through and what does it form

A

activated through the coagulation cascade to form cross-linked fibrin

44
Q

what is fibrinogen cleaved by and what does this form

A

cleaved by the enzyme thrombin to form cross-linked fibrin that forms the blood clot

45
Q

what are immunoglobulins and what are they produced by

A

antibodies - a diverse repertoire of antigen-binding proteins - produced by B lymphocytes

46
Q

what form of b lymphocytes are immunoglobulins (Ig) produced by?

A

plasma cells

47
Q

What is complement

A

9 proteins that “coat” bacteria targeting them for phagocytosis - helps with opsonization

48
Q

what is the major complement component

A

C3

49
Q

what are coagulation factors?

A

13 proteins cleaved in an ordered cascade resulting in fibrinogen becoming fibrin.

50
Q

what ion is essential for coagulation

A

Ca2+

51
Q

what causes hemophilia

A

missing component

52
Q

what is the most common form of hemophilia

A

factor VIII deficiency

53
Q

what are electrolytes useful for

A

isotonicity and buffering

54
Q

what pH is blood maintained at

A

7.4

55
Q

What is the tight maintaining of free Ca2+ and K+ critical for

A

regulation of cell membrane channels, ion pumps and normal nerve and muscle function such as the heart

56
Q

What are the first cells that arrive at the site of infection

A

neutrophils (through activation of complement)

57
Q

what do all blood cells begin as

A

human stem cell (HSC)

58
Q

where are HSC’s found

A

bone marrow

59
Q

what is CD34

A

a surface antigen marker on HSCs

60
Q

what does an anti-CD34 antibody do

A

select and concentrate HSCs from blood prior to bone marrow transplant

61
Q

HSCs exist in about 10,000 white cells in bone marrow and thus it is critical to get enough HSC to?

A

reconstitute the patient quickly before infection sets in

62
Q

what is haematopoiesis

A

formation of blood cellular components

63
Q

what are the three important factors that drive haematopoiesis

A
  1. GM - CSF
  2. EPO
  3. G - CSF
64
Q

what is GM - CSF

A

granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor

65
Q

What is EPO

A

Erythropoietin

66
Q

what is G - CSF

A

granulocyte colony-stimulating factor

67
Q

what is GM - CSF produced by

A

macrophages, T cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts

68
Q

what does GM - CSF stimulate the production of

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and monocytes

69
Q

what does EPO do

A

drives the production of erythrocytes

70
Q

what is EPO produced by

A

the kidney during adulthood and liver in perinatal

71
Q

what is G - CSF produced by

A

many different cells

72
Q

what does G - CSF stimulate production of

A

granulocytes but also acts to mature neutrophils

73
Q

what are G - CSF & GM - CSF commonly administered for

A

repopulation of white cells in leukaemia patients follow radio-ablation

74
Q

what is EPO commonly administered for

A

greater endurance

75
Q

where are CD34+ cells most abundant

A

placental cord blood

76
Q

CD34+ HSC gives rise to which two multipotent stem cells

A

myeloid or lymphoid progenitors

77
Q

myeloid progenitor gives rise to what four things

A

erythrocytes, a platelet producing megakaryocyte, mast cells or myeloblasts

78
Q

myeloblasts differentiate into what four things

A

neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils or monocytes

79
Q

lymphoid progenitor differentiates into what two things

A

B lymphocytes or T lymphocytes

80
Q

what does immature T lymphocyte differentiate into

A

CD4 or CD8

81
Q

what do lungs allow

A

exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

82
Q

what is the association and dissociation of O2 from heme regulated by

A

partial pressure of O2

83
Q

where does O2 dissociate and associate

A

associates in lungs dissociates in tissues

CST - BIOSCI107 (13 decks)

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