B - Factors Affecting Growth and Development Flashcards
What is Nature?
our genetic inheritance and biological factors that can affect our development and behaviour
What is Nurture?
how external influences such as the environment and society can affect our development and behaviour
Give examples of characteristics that are determined by our genes (nature)
eye colour
hair type
skin pigmentation
Give examples of characteristics that are strongly influenced by our genes (nature)
height
weght
life expectancy
vulnerability to diseases
Give examples of characteristics that are likely to be influenced by the environment (nurture)
personality
behaviour
mental abilities
Name a theory that supports the nature side of the nature vs nurture debate
Gesell’s Maturation Theory
Name a theory that supports the nature side of the nurture vs nurture debate
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
Name a theory that suggests that our development and behaviour is a mixture of both nature and nurture
Stress-Diathesis Model
Describe Gesell’s Maturation Theory
Gesell suggests that maturation (how we develop) is a genetically programmed sequenve that we all follow through life. That our devleopment is predetermined, and that we will all go through similar sequences of milestones at our genetically preprogrammed pace
Outline how Bandura suggests that we develop and behave according to his Social Learning Theory
Bandura says that we learn our behaviours through observing others. There are 4 stages to this process
- Attention (we see a behaviour)
- Retention (we remember it)
- Reproduction (we imitate the behaviour)
- Motivation (if we’re praised, we continue to imitate that behaviour, if we aren’t praised, we are less likely to imitate it again)
Outline the Stress-Diathesis Model
people are born with certain genetic predispositions to a mental illness, that will only develop into the disorder if they experience stress in their environments during their life
What does the term predisposition mean?
a tendency to suffer from a particular condition, hold a particular attitude, or act in a particular way.
According to the Stress-Diathesis Model, if a person has a predisposition to a mental illness, are they definitely going to suffer with it?
No - as it depends on how stressful their life is - if they aren’t stressed, they aren’t likely to suffer with the mental illness, however if they have certain levels of stress, they’re more likely to suffer from the mental illness than someone who is not predisposed to it
What is a genetic predisposition?
the possiblity that you will develop a certain condition, based on inherited genes from your parents
Name 5 conditions that you may have a genetic predispostion for. (you’re more likely to get because your parents have the genes for it)
Cystic fibrosis Brittle bone disease Phenylketouria (PKU) Huntington's disease Klinefelter's syndrome Duchenne Muscular dystrophy
Identify 3 biological factors that affect development
foetal alcohol syndrome
maternal infections
lifestyle/diet during pregnancy
congenital defects
How many chromosomes does each cell contain?
23 pairs (46 chromosomes)
What is cystic fibrosis?
When you produce a defective protein that can cause the lungs to become clogged with thick, sticky mucus
What causes cystic fibrosis
a faulty recessive gene
Identiy 3 symptoms of Cystic fibrosis
problems absobing nourishment from food
respiratory problems
chest infections
What is brttle bone diesase?
where your bones don’t have the right amount or type of the protein collagen, so they are at high risk of fracture or breaking
What is Phenylketonuria (PKU)
When you can’t break down the amino acid phenylalanine, so if you eat anything with it in it can build up harmful substances in your body, leading to brain damage
What is huntington’s disease
A neurodegenerative genetic disorder that causes progressive damage to certain nerve cells in the brain, affecting muscle coordination, behavioural changes and mental decline
What is Klinefelter’s Syndrome?
Where boys are born with an extra X chromosome, meaning they produce less testosterone than usual
Outline some of the symptoms of Klinefelter’s syndrome
babies learn to sit up, crawl, walk and talk later than ususal
shyness, low self-confidence, low energy
growing taller than expected for the family (long arms and legs), broad hips, poor muscle tone
infertility and a low sex drive
What is Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?
a genetc disorder where your muscles progressively degenerate and get weaker
What is Duchenne Muscular dystrophy caused by?
the absence of the protein dystrophin that helps keep muscle cells intact
Identify 3 diseases you may be more sucseptible to due to your genes
cancer
diabetes
high blood cholesterol
What is cancer?
A condtion where cells in a part of the body grow and reproduce uncontrollably, invading and destroying surrounding healthy tissue
Name 3 different types of cancer
e.g. breast cnacer
lung cancer
prostate cancer
bowel cancer
How can you reduce your risk of getting cancer?
eat heathily exercise regularly don't smoke don't drink too much alcohol acoid exposure to the sun, asbestos or dust
How can cancer be treated?
chemotherapy
radiotherapy
What is diabetes?
a condition that causes your blood sugar level to become too high
What’s the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
type 1 is where your immune system attacks and destroys cells that produce insulin, so you can’t produce insulin
Type 2 is where your body’s cells no longer react to insulin (usually caused by obesity / poor diet)
What does Insulin do?
makes your muscles and liver take up and store glucose from the blood
What is cholesterol?
a fatty substance in our blood.
Why is it bad to have too much cholesterol in our blood?
it can clof up the arteries, causing heart attack or stroke
What is Foetal Alcohol Syndrome?
Where a woman drinks alcohol during pregnancy and it passes into the baby.
As the baby can’t process the alcohol it can lea to brain damage and poor development
Name 3 infections that can be dangerous to the baby if you have them whilst pregnany
Chicken pox CMV (cytomegalovirus) Group B Streptococcus Hepatits B Hepatits C Herpes HIV Parvovrus B19 Rubella STIs Toxoplasmosis Zika Virus
What advice would you give to a pregnant women regarding their diet?
eat lots of vitamin C avoid foods with listeria (undercooked eggs, meat) avoid mould-ripened and soft cheeses avoid pates avoid raw fish and shellfish avoid unpasteurised milk avoid fish such as shark, marlin and swordfish limit caffeine
What lifestyle advice would you give to a pregnant woman?
don’t drink alcohol
don’t smoke
continue to exercise regularly (unless advised differently by a doctor), but avoid certain sports
don’t take recreational drugs
avoid contact with animals (especially their faeces)
don’t travel to countries where malaria or Zika virus is present, or anywhere remote.
What is a congenital defect?
when a baby has a condition that is present from birth
What can cause congenital defects?
genetic inheritance,
socio-economic factors (lack of sufficient nutritious food during pregnancy), environmental factors (working/living in polluted areas, or exposure to chemicals (alcohol, smoking, drugs) during pregnancy
infectious diseases during pregnancy
Identify 5 congenital defects
cleft lip / cleft palate cerebral palsy fragile X syndrome Down's syndrome Spina Bifida Cystic Fibrosis Heart conditions
Identify 4 types of pollution
water
air
noise
mould
What health issues can exposure to pollution cause?
asthma and respiratory problems (COPD, pneumonia)
allergies (hayfever)
cardiovascular problems (heart attack, cardiovascular disease)
Identify different types of poor housing conditions
- excessive mould
- cold
- damp
- structural defects
- overcrowding
- lack of outdoor/green space
- inadequate sanitary provision
- inadequate ventilation
What health problems can poor housing conditions cause?
respiratory disorders (pneumonia) innjury hypothermia anxiety cardiovascular disorders (High BP) infection depression
Identify different factors that can affect access to health and social care
- transport
- opening times
- cultural / behavioural barriers - homeless, immigrants, EAL, Travellers
What is a family?
a social group of people, often related genetically, by marriage or living together as a group
What are the different types of family?
- nuclear family
- single parent family
- extended family
- childless family
- step family
- grandparent family
How cna being part of a family help your growth and development?
- form your first attachments and relationships
- provide your first experiences of social interaction
- influence your behaviour
- provide for physical needs - protection, food, shelter, warmth
- support you emotionally
- help you financially or practically
What is a dysfunctional family?
a family that is not providing all of the support and benefits associated with being a family
Why might a family become dysfunctional?
- mental health problems
- stress
- poor housing
- low income
- poor parenting skills
- controlling / aggressive / manipulative family member
- inconsistent parenting
- parents from a dysfunctional family
How can parental divorce or separation affect you negatively?
- low self-esteem
- low self-confidence
- moodiness / depression
- lack of resilience
- more likely to live in poverty
- more likely to underachieve in education
- more likely to be influenced by peers (smoke, drink alcohol, take drugs)
Identify the 3 types of parenting style
- authoritative
- authoritarian
- permissive
describe an authoritative parenting style
not overly strict
bring children up to respect authority and develop appropriate values and boundaries
develop more resilient children who conform easily to social norms
describe an authoritarian parenting style
very high expectations,
very strict with rules and regulations
have children who are often rebellious and problematic in social settings
describe a permissive parenting style
make few demands,
reluctant to implement rules or values
their children often lack self-control and have no boundaries or respect for personal space
children may have problems managing relationships and responsibilities
what is bullying?
a repetitive behaviour intended to hurt an individual emotionally and/or physically
Why migh people bully others?
religion race sexual orientation belonging to a particular group culture
outline the different forms of bullying
- verbal - teasing, name calling
- physical - hitting, kicking, destroying property
- cyber - social media, texts
- social - spreading lies, purposefully leaing someone out of everything, embarrassing someone in public
How can being bullied affect someone?
- undermine self-esteem
- make them feel unsafe, lonely, isolated
- make them self-critical and believe what is said about them is true
- self-harm to release feelings of self-loathing
- suicidal thoughts
How can culture, religion and belief affect medical intervention
- some faith groups believe prayer will work better than medicine
- Jehovah’s Witnesses don’t allow blood transfusions
- chinese cultures use traditional or herbal remedies that can interact badly with medicines
How can culture, religion and belief affect diet?
vegetarian/vegan - don’t eat meat, lots of fruit and veg lowers cholesterol, risk of heart disease, Blood pressure. But more likely to have calcium, iron, vitamin B12 and protein deficiencies
Kosher - dairy and meat products have to be kept separate and use different implements
Jewish - don’t eat pork or shellfish
Hindu and Sikh - vegetarian diets - food cannot come into contact with meat
Muslims - don’t eat pork or non-halal meats, don’t drink alcohol
What is income?
the amount of money your household receives
what is absolute poverty?
where you don’t have the means to pay for essential resources
What is relative poverty?
where you can afford basic resources, but not much else (poor compared to the rest of society)
Who is more likely to be on a low income?
lone parent families unemployed people older people sick people families with single earners unskilled couples people with learning disabilities
What is meant by ‘employment status?
whether you are in work or not, the type of work you do and the type of contract you have
Identify the main types of employment contracts
full/part time permanent / fixed term zero-hours contracts apprentices or trainees employment agency staff contractors/ subcontractors/ freelances / consultants
Identify the main types of employment status
employee
worker
self-employed
unemployed
How can a low income / poverty affect your physical growth and development?
Higher risk of illness and premature death
Higher risk of mortality at birth
Live on average 8 years less
Lack of fibre, calcium, iron and vitamins due to poor diet
Live in polluted areas
How can a low income / poverty affect your intellectual growth and development?
Underachieve academically at school
Less likely to go to university or college
1 ½ times more likely to be unemployed
Earn 10% lesson over their lifetime than average
How can a low income / poverty affect your physical emotional and development?
Low self-confidence and self-esteem as feel they can’t escape the situation
How can a low income / poverty affect your social growth and development?
Lack of resources e.g. transport – hard to take part in community activities, leading to social exclusion
More likely to be bullied due to lack of resources
How can employment status physically affect growth and development?
Manual work can keep you fit
However, some work can be more stressful, leading to higher blood pressure
How can employment status intellectually affect growth and development?
You can learn new skills in a job
How can employment status emotionally affect growth and development?
Having a well paid, secure job can increase self-esteem
How can employment status socially affect growth and development?
Work provides an opportunity for socialising with others and making new friends
How can education physically affect your growth and development?
A good education can teach you how to eat healthily and live a healthy lifestyle so less likely to become ill
However, the expectations to succeed can be stressful
How can education intellectually affect your growth and development?
Better education
Higher GCSE grades
College / University
How can education emotionally affect your growth and development?
Higher self-image and self-esteem if successful and end up in a good job
How can education socially affect your growth and development?
Better education leads to wider opportunities, as better paid jobs, so more money to go out more
How can lifestyle physically affect your growth and development?
Unhealthy diet – not enough vitamins/minerals etc, so poor development of bones, organs and muscles and slower healing process.
Too much fat and sugar can lead to obesity, diabetes and heart disease
Smoking can lead to lung disease, Drinking can lead to liver disease
Drugs can lead to heart attacks and death
Exercise can improve mobility, heart function, strengthen bones, reduce obesity
How can lifestyle intellectually affect your growth and development?
If you don’t have a good diet, it can make it harder to concentrate, so you don’t do as well in school
How can lifestyle emotionally affect your growth and development?
Food, alcohol and drugs can help you feel better (in the short term) but lead to depression long term
Exercise can make you feel good and reduce likelihood of mental health problems
How can lifestyle socially affect your growth and development?
Eating / drinking out gives you opportunities to meet with friends You can exercise in a class or as a team to meet other people
What is a predictable life event?
an event we expect to happen at a particular point in our lives
What is an unpredictable life event?
an event that can happen unexpectedly and can have serious physicla and psychological effects on an individual
Give 3 examples of predictable life events
Starting school moving house beginning employment retirement marriage leaving home parenthood
Give 3 examples of unpredictable life events
death of a relative/partner/friend major accident or injury serious illness divorce redundancy birth of a sibling
What is stress?
a feeling experiened when you perceive that the demands exceed your personal and social resources.
‘we feel things are out of control’
How does your body react to stress?
increased heart rate
increased blood pressure
boost of energy
prepares you to deal with the problem
How can stress affect your health?
stress can cause
- irritableness
- fatigue
- headaches
- lack of motivation
- over/undereating
- drink more alcohol / smoke more / take drugs to cope with it
- anxiety attacks
What is the Holmes-Rahe SRRS?
Social Readjustment Rating Scale
- a questionnaire that measures how many stressful life events you have experienced in the past year, and calculates how likely you are to experience a stress-related illness due to this.
Outline some of the criticisms of the Holmes-Rahe Social Readjustment Rating Scale
- people react differently to different life events
- it doesn’t take inot account everyday events that can be stressful
- research was mainly conducted on men
- criteria within the SRRS is outdated (1967), so may not be applied to today’s society
- relationships are only correlational
