B - Factors Affecting Growth and Development Flashcards
What is Nature?
our genetic inheritance and biological factors that can affect our development and behaviour
What is Nurture?
how external influences such as the environment and society can affect our development and behaviour
Give examples of characteristics that are determined by our genes (nature)
eye colour
hair type
skin pigmentation
Give examples of characteristics that are strongly influenced by our genes (nature)
height
weght
life expectancy
vulnerability to diseases
Give examples of characteristics that are likely to be influenced by the environment (nurture)
personality
behaviour
mental abilities
Name a theory that supports the nature side of the nature vs nurture debate
Gesell’s Maturation Theory
Name a theory that supports the nature side of the nurture vs nurture debate
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
Name a theory that suggests that our development and behaviour is a mixture of both nature and nurture
Stress-Diathesis Model
Describe Gesell’s Maturation Theory
Gesell suggests that maturation (how we develop) is a genetically programmed sequenve that we all follow through life. That our devleopment is predetermined, and that we will all go through similar sequences of milestones at our genetically preprogrammed pace
Outline how Bandura suggests that we develop and behave according to his Social Learning Theory
Bandura says that we learn our behaviours through observing others. There are 4 stages to this process
- Attention (we see a behaviour)
- Retention (we remember it)
- Reproduction (we imitate the behaviour)
- Motivation (if we’re praised, we continue to imitate that behaviour, if we aren’t praised, we are less likely to imitate it again)
Outline the Stress-Diathesis Model
people are born with certain genetic predispositions to a mental illness, that will only develop into the disorder if they experience stress in their environments during their life
What does the term predisposition mean?
a tendency to suffer from a particular condition, hold a particular attitude, or act in a particular way.
According to the Stress-Diathesis Model, if a person has a predisposition to a mental illness, are they definitely going to suffer with it?
No - as it depends on how stressful their life is - if they aren’t stressed, they aren’t likely to suffer with the mental illness, however if they have certain levels of stress, they’re more likely to suffer from the mental illness than someone who is not predisposed to it
What is a genetic predisposition?
the possiblity that you will develop a certain condition, based on inherited genes from your parents
Name 5 conditions that you may have a genetic predispostion for. (you’re more likely to get because your parents have the genes for it)
Cystic fibrosis Brittle bone disease Phenylketouria (PKU) Huntington's disease Klinefelter's syndrome Duchenne Muscular dystrophy
Identify 3 biological factors that affect development
foetal alcohol syndrome
maternal infections
lifestyle/diet during pregnancy
congenital defects
How many chromosomes does each cell contain?
23 pairs (46 chromosomes)
What is cystic fibrosis?
When you produce a defective protein that can cause the lungs to become clogged with thick, sticky mucus
What causes cystic fibrosis
a faulty recessive gene
Identiy 3 symptoms of Cystic fibrosis
problems absobing nourishment from food
respiratory problems
chest infections
What is brttle bone diesase?
where your bones don’t have the right amount or type of the protein collagen, so they are at high risk of fracture or breaking
What is Phenylketonuria (PKU)
When you can’t break down the amino acid phenylalanine, so if you eat anything with it in it can build up harmful substances in your body, leading to brain damage
What is huntington’s disease
A neurodegenerative genetic disorder that causes progressive damage to certain nerve cells in the brain, affecting muscle coordination, behavioural changes and mental decline
What is Klinefelter’s Syndrome?
Where boys are born with an extra X chromosome, meaning they produce less testosterone than usual