Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Unit 1 - Human Lifespan Development > B - Factors Affecting Growth and Development > Flashcards

B - Factors Affecting Growth and Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is Nature?

A

our genetic inheritance and biological factors that can affect our development and behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is Nurture?

A

how external influences such as the environment and society can affect our development and behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Give examples of characteristics that are determined by our genes (nature)

A

eye colour
hair type
skin pigmentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Give examples of characteristics that are strongly influenced by our genes (nature)

A

height
weght
life expectancy
vulnerability to diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Give examples of characteristics that are likely to be influenced by the environment (nurture)

A

personality
behaviour
mental abilities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name a theory that supports the nature side of the nature vs nurture debate

A

Gesell’s Maturation Theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Name a theory that supports the nature side of the nurture vs nurture debate

A

Bandura’s Social Learning Theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name a theory that suggests that our development and behaviour is a mixture of both nature and nurture

A

Stress-Diathesis Model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe Gesell’s Maturation Theory

A

Gesell suggests that maturation (how we develop) is a genetically programmed sequenve that we all follow through life. That our devleopment is predetermined, and that we will all go through similar sequences of milestones at our genetically preprogrammed pace

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Outline how Bandura suggests that we develop and behave according to his Social Learning Theory

A

Bandura says that we learn our behaviours through observing others. There are 4 stages to this process

  • Attention (we see a behaviour)
  • Retention (we remember it)
  • Reproduction (we imitate the behaviour)
  • Motivation (if we’re praised, we continue to imitate that behaviour, if we aren’t praised, we are less likely to imitate it again)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Outline the Stress-Diathesis Model

A

people are born with certain genetic predispositions to a mental illness, that will only develop into the disorder if they experience stress in their environments during their life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does the term predisposition mean?

A

a tendency to suffer from a particular condition, hold a particular attitude, or act in a particular way.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

According to the Stress-Diathesis Model, if a person has a predisposition to a mental illness, are they definitely going to suffer with it?

A

No - as it depends on how stressful their life is - if they aren’t stressed, they aren’t likely to suffer with the mental illness, however if they have certain levels of stress, they’re more likely to suffer from the mental illness than someone who is not predisposed to it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a genetic predisposition?

A

the possiblity that you will develop a certain condition, based on inherited genes from your parents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Name 5 conditions that you may have a genetic predispostion for. (you’re more likely to get because your parents have the genes for it)

A 
Cystic fibrosis
Brittle bone disease
Phenylketouria (PKU)
Huntington's disease
Klinefelter's syndrome
Duchenne Muscular dystrophy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Identify 3 biological factors that affect development

A

foetal alcohol syndrome
maternal infections
lifestyle/diet during pregnancy
congenital defects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How many chromosomes does each cell contain?

A

23 pairs (46 chromosomes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

When you produce a defective protein that can cause the lungs to become clogged with thick, sticky mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What causes cystic fibrosis

A

a faulty recessive gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Identiy 3 symptoms of Cystic fibrosis

A

problems absobing nourishment from food
respiratory problems
chest infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is brttle bone diesase?

A

where your bones don’t have the right amount or type of the protein collagen, so they are at high risk of fracture or breaking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

When you can’t break down the amino acid phenylalanine, so if you eat anything with it in it can build up harmful substances in your body, leading to brain damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is huntington’s disease

A

A neurodegenerative genetic disorder that causes progressive damage to certain nerve cells in the brain, affecting muscle coordination, behavioural changes and mental decline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is Klinefelter’s Syndrome?

A

Where boys are born with an extra X chromosome, meaning they produce less testosterone than usual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Outline some of the symptoms of Klinefelter’s syndrome

A

babies learn to sit up, crawl, walk and talk later than ususal
shyness, low self-confidence, low energy
growing taller than expected for the family (long arms and legs), broad hips, poor muscle tone
infertility and a low sex drive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?

A

a genetc disorder where your muscles progressively degenerate and get weaker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is Duchenne Muscular dystrophy caused by?

A

the absence of the protein dystrophin that helps keep muscle cells intact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Identify 3 diseases you may be more sucseptible to due to your genes

A

cancer
diabetes
high blood cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is cancer?

A

A condtion where cells in a part of the body grow and reproduce uncontrollably, invading and destroying surrounding healthy tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Name 3 different types of cancer

A

e.g. breast cnacer
lung cancer
prostate cancer
bowel cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How can you reduce your risk of getting cancer?

A 
eat heathily
exercise regularly
don't smoke
don't drink too much alcohol
acoid exposure to the sun, asbestos or dust
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How can cancer be treated?

A

chemotherapy

radiotherapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is diabetes?

A

a condition that causes your blood sugar level to become too high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What’s the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

A

type 1 is where your immune system attacks and destroys cells that produce insulin, so you can’t produce insulin

Type 2 is where your body’s cells no longer react to insulin (usually caused by obesity / poor diet)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What does Insulin do?

A

makes your muscles and liver take up and store glucose from the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

a fatty substance in our blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Why is it bad to have too much cholesterol in our blood?

A

it can clof up the arteries, causing heart attack or stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is Foetal Alcohol Syndrome?

A

Where a woman drinks alcohol during pregnancy and it passes into the baby.
As the baby can’t process the alcohol it can lea to brain damage and poor development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Name 3 infections that can be dangerous to the baby if you have them whilst pregnany

A 
Chicken pox
CMV (cytomegalovirus)
Group B Streptococcus
Hepatits B
Hepatits C
Herpes
HIV
Parvovrus B19
Rubella
STIs
Toxoplasmosis
Zika Virus
40
Q

What advice would you give to a pregnant women regarding their diet?

A 
eat lots of vitamin C
avoid foods with listeria (undercooked eggs, meat)
avoid mould-ripened and soft cheeses
avoid pates
avoid raw fish and shellfish
avoid unpasteurised milk
avoid fish such as shark, marlin and swordfish
limit caffeine
41
Q

What lifestyle advice would you give to a pregnant woman?

A

don’t drink alcohol
don’t smoke
continue to exercise regularly (unless advised differently by a doctor), but avoid certain sports
don’t take recreational drugs
avoid contact with animals (especially their faeces)
don’t travel to countries where malaria or Zika virus is present, or anywhere remote.

42
Q

What is a congenital defect?

A

when a baby has a condition that is present from birth

43
Q

What can cause congenital defects?

A

genetic inheritance,
socio-economic factors (lack of sufficient nutritious food during pregnancy), environmental factors (working/living in polluted areas, or exposure to chemicals (alcohol, smoking, drugs) during pregnancy
infectious diseases during pregnancy

44
Q

Identify 5 congenital defects

A 
cleft lip / cleft palate
cerebral palsy
fragile X syndrome
Down's syndrome
Spina Bifida
Cystic Fibrosis
Heart conditions
45
Q

Identify 4 types of pollution

A

water
air
noise
mould

46
Q

What health issues can exposure to pollution cause?

A

asthma and respiratory problems (COPD, pneumonia)
allergies (hayfever)
cardiovascular problems (heart attack, cardiovascular disease)

47
Q

Identify different types of poor housing conditions

A
  • excessive mould
  • cold
  • damp
  • structural defects
  • overcrowding
  • lack of outdoor/green space
  • inadequate sanitary provision
  • inadequate ventilation
48
Q

What health problems can poor housing conditions cause?

A 
respiratory disorders (pneumonia)
innjury
hypothermia
anxiety
cardiovascular disorders (High BP)
infection
depression
49
Q

Identify different factors that can affect access to health and social care

A
  • transport
  • opening times
  • cultural / behavioural barriers - homeless, immigrants, EAL, Travellers
50
Q

What is a family?

A

a social group of people, often related genetically, by marriage or living together as a group

51
Q

What are the different types of family?

A
  • nuclear family
  • single parent family
  • extended family
  • childless family
  • step family
  • grandparent family
52
Q

How cna being part of a family help your growth and development?

A
  • form your first attachments and relationships
  • provide your first experiences of social interaction
  • influence your behaviour
  • provide for physical needs - protection, food, shelter, warmth
  • support you emotionally
  • help you financially or practically
53
Q

What is a dysfunctional family?

A

a family that is not providing all of the support and benefits associated with being a family

54
Q

Why might a family become dysfunctional?

A
  • mental health problems
  • stress
  • poor housing
  • low income
  • poor parenting skills
  • controlling / aggressive / manipulative family member
  • inconsistent parenting
  • parents from a dysfunctional family
55
Q

How can parental divorce or separation affect you negatively?

A
  • low self-esteem
  • low self-confidence
  • moodiness / depression
  • lack of resilience
  • more likely to live in poverty
  • more likely to underachieve in education
  • more likely to be influenced by peers (smoke, drink alcohol, take drugs)
56
Q

Identify the 3 types of parenting style

A
  • authoritative
  • authoritarian
  • permissive
57
Q

describe an authoritative parenting style

A

not overly strict
bring children up to respect authority and develop appropriate values and boundaries
develop more resilient children who conform easily to social norms

58
Q

describe an authoritarian parenting style

A

very high expectations,
very strict with rules and regulations
have children who are often rebellious and problematic in social settings

59
Q

describe a permissive parenting style

A

make few demands,
reluctant to implement rules or values
their children often lack self-control and have no boundaries or respect for personal space
children may have problems managing relationships and responsibilities

60
Q

what is bullying?

A

a repetitive behaviour intended to hurt an individual emotionally and/or physically

61
Q

Why migh people bully others?

A 
religion
race
sexual orientation
belonging to a particular group
culture
62
Q

outline the different forms of bullying

A
  • verbal - teasing, name calling
  • physical - hitting, kicking, destroying property
  • cyber - social media, texts
  • social - spreading lies, purposefully leaing someone out of everything, embarrassing someone in public
63
Q

How can being bullied affect someone?

A
  • undermine self-esteem
  • make them feel unsafe, lonely, isolated
  • make them self-critical and believe what is said about them is true
  • self-harm to release feelings of self-loathing
  • suicidal thoughts
64
Q

How can culture, religion and belief affect medical intervention

A
  • some faith groups believe prayer will work better than medicine
  • Jehovah’s Witnesses don’t allow blood transfusions
  • chinese cultures use traditional or herbal remedies that can interact badly with medicines
65
Q

How can culture, religion and belief affect diet?

A

vegetarian/vegan - don’t eat meat, lots of fruit and veg lowers cholesterol, risk of heart disease, Blood pressure. But more likely to have calcium, iron, vitamin B12 and protein deficiencies

Kosher - dairy and meat products have to be kept separate and use different implements

Jewish - don’t eat pork or shellfish

Hindu and Sikh - vegetarian diets - food cannot come into contact with meat

Muslims - don’t eat pork or non-halal meats, don’t drink alcohol

66
Q

What is income?

A

the amount of money your household receives

67
Q

what is absolute poverty?

A

where you don’t have the means to pay for essential resources

68
Q

What is relative poverty?

A

where you can afford basic resources, but not much else (poor compared to the rest of society)

69
Q

Who is more likely to be on a low income?

A 
lone parent families
unemployed people
older people
sick people
families with single earners
unskilled couples
people with learning disabilities
70
Q

What is meant by ‘employment status?

A

whether you are in work or not, the type of work you do and the type of contract you have

71
Q

Identify the main types of employment contracts

A 
full/part time
permanent / fixed term
zero-hours contracts
apprentices or trainees
employment agency staff
contractors/ subcontractors/ freelances / consultants
72
Q

Identify the main types of employment status

A

employee
worker
self-employed
unemployed

73
Q

How can a low income / poverty affect your physical growth and development?

A

Higher risk of illness and premature death
Higher risk of mortality at birth
Live on average 8 years less
Lack of fibre, calcium, iron and vitamins due to poor diet
Live in polluted areas

74
Q

How can a low income / poverty affect your intellectual growth and development?

A

Underachieve academically at school
Less likely to go to university or college
1 ½ times more likely to be unemployed
Earn 10% lesson over their lifetime than average

75
Q

How can a low income / poverty affect your physical emotional and development?

A

Low self-confidence and self-esteem as feel they can’t escape the situation

76
Q

How can a low income / poverty affect your social growth and development?

A

Lack of resources e.g. transport – hard to take part in community activities, leading to social exclusion
More likely to be bullied due to lack of resources

77
Q

How can employment status physically affect growth and development?

A

Manual work can keep you fit

However, some work can be more stressful, leading to higher blood pressure

78
Q

How can employment status intellectually affect growth and development?

A

You can learn new skills in a job

79
Q

How can employment status emotionally affect growth and development?

A

Having a well paid, secure job can increase self-esteem

80
Q

How can employment status socially affect growth and development?

A

Work provides an opportunity for socialising with others and making new friends

81
Q

How can education physically affect your growth and development?

A

A good education can teach you how to eat healthily and live a healthy lifestyle so less likely to become ill
However, the expectations to succeed can be stressful

82
Q

How can education intellectually affect your growth and development?

A

Better education
Higher GCSE grades
College / University

83
Q

How can education emotionally affect your growth and development?

A

Higher self-image and self-esteem if successful and end up in a good job

84
Q

How can education socially affect your growth and development?

A

Better education leads to wider opportunities, as better paid jobs, so more money to go out more

85
Q

How can lifestyle physically affect your growth and development?

A

Unhealthy diet – not enough vitamins/minerals etc, so poor development of bones, organs and muscles and slower healing process.
Too much fat and sugar can lead to obesity, diabetes and heart disease
Smoking can lead to lung disease, Drinking can lead to liver disease
Drugs can lead to heart attacks and death
Exercise can improve mobility, heart function, strengthen bones, reduce obesity

86
Q

How can lifestyle intellectually affect your growth and development?

A

If you don’t have a good diet, it can make it harder to concentrate, so you don’t do as well in school

87
Q

How can lifestyle emotionally affect your growth and development?

A

Food, alcohol and drugs can help you feel better (in the short term) but lead to depression long term
Exercise can make you feel good and reduce likelihood of mental health problems

88
Q

How can lifestyle socially affect your growth and development?

A 
Eating / drinking out gives you opportunities to meet with friends
You can exercise in a class or as a team to meet other people
89
Q

What is a predictable life event?

A

an event we expect to happen at a particular point in our lives

90
Q

What is an unpredictable life event?

A

an event that can happen unexpectedly and can have serious physicla and psychological effects on an individual

91
Q

Give 3 examples of predictable life events

A 
Starting school
moving house
beginning employment
retirement
marriage
leaving home
parenthood
92
Q

Give 3 examples of unpredictable life events

A 
death of a relative/partner/friend
major accident or injury
serious illness
divorce
redundancy
birth of a sibling
93
Q

What is stress?

A

a feeling experiened when you perceive that the demands exceed your personal and social resources.
‘we feel things are out of control’

94
Q

How does your body react to stress?

A

increased heart rate
increased blood pressure
boost of energy
prepares you to deal with the problem

95
Q

How can stress affect your health?

A

stress can cause

  • irritableness
  • fatigue
  • headaches
  • lack of motivation
  • over/undereating
  • drink more alcohol / smoke more / take drugs to cope with it
  • anxiety attacks
96
Q

What is the Holmes-Rahe SRRS?

A

Social Readjustment Rating Scale
- a questionnaire that measures how many stressful life events you have experienced in the past year, and calculates how likely you are to experience a stress-related illness due to this.

97
Q

Outline some of the criticisms of the Holmes-Rahe Social Readjustment Rating Scale

A
  • people react differently to different life events
  • it doesn’t take inot account everyday events that can be stressful
  • research was mainly conducted on men
  • criteria within the SRRS is outdated (1967), so may not be applied to today’s society
  • relationships are only correlational

Unit 1 - Human Lifespan Development (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions