A - Growth and Development through the life stages Flashcards
What are the 4 aspects of growth and development?
Physical
Intellectual
Emotional
Social
What are the 6 life stages?
Infancy Early Childhood Adolescence Early Adulthood Middle Adulthood Later Adulthood
What age is Infancy?
0-2 years
What age is Early Childhood?
3-8 years
What age is adolesence?
9-18
What age is early adulthood?
19-45
What age is middle adulthood
45-65
What age is later adulthood
65+
What is growth?
How different parts of our body change e.g height, weight
What is development?
A sequence of how we learn skills and abilities e.g reading and writing
What is a gross motor skill?
Skills that use large muscle groups such as walking, running, throwing
What is a fine motor skill?
Skills that use small finite movements with our hands e.g doing up a button
What are primary sexual characteristics?
Those present at birth and develop during puberty
Give examples of female primary sexual characteristics
Uterus - which enlarges
Vagina - lengthens
Ovaries - begin to release eggs
Give examples of male primary sexual characteristics
Penis - enlarges and gets erections
Testicles - begin to produce sperm
Give examples of female secondary sexual characteristics
Breast development
Hair grows under the arms and pubic area
Body fat is redistributed to cause wider hips
Give examples of male secondary sexual characteristics
Changes in larynx causing voice to deepen
Hair grows in armpits, face and pubic area
Redistribution of muscle tissue and fat
Name the female sex hormones
Oestrogen and progesterone
Name the male sex hormone
Testosterone
At what age (and life stage) do you reach physical maturity
19-28 years
During early adulthood
At which life stage are women most likely to be in perimenopause
End of Early into middle adulthood
What is perimenopause?
When oestrogen levels decrease, causing ovaries to stop producing an egg each month
What is menopause?
When you no longer produce any eggs and completely stop having periods
In Which life stage do women usually go through menopause?
Middle adulthood
Describe 3 effects of the ageing process
Put on weight Lose skin elasticity Lose muscle tone Grey/thinning hair Health deteriorates Intellect deteriorates (Alzheimer’s / Parkinson’s)
Identify the 5 important aspects associated with intellectual development
language development problem solving memory moral devleopment abstract thoughts and creative tihnking
Why is language development important for intellectual development?
it’s essential for organising thoughts, to share and express ideas and to clarify information
Why is problem solving important for intellectual devleopment?
to enable you to work things out and make predictions about what might happen
Why is memory important for intellectual development?
so you can store, recall and retrieve information
Why is moral development important for intellectual development?
to allow you reason and make choices, informing you on how to act in particular situations
Why is abstract thought and creative thinking important for intellectual development?
to enable you to think and discuss situations and events that you cannot see
At roughly what age do you say your first proper words?
12 months
At roughly what age can you speak in short sentences of 2-4 words?
2 years
What can you do with Infants to help encourage language development?
blow bubbles, play with pupets, watch and listen to other children, join in with action rhymes and songs, look at picture books
What can you do to encourage language development in young children?
take part in circle time, take part in group activities, use imaginary play, share stories and rhymes, play word games and riddles
What can you do to encourage language development in adolescence?
read a wide range of books,
take part in group projects,
discuss ideas,
plan and deliver presentations
Name the 4 stages of Piaget’s model of intellectual development
Sensorimotor stage
Preoperation stage
Concrete operational stage
Formal operational stage
At what age would you be in Piaget’s sensorimotor stage of intellectual development?
0-2 years
At what age would you be in Piaget’s preoperational stage of intellectual development?
2-6 years
At what age would you be in Piaget’s concrete operational stage of intellectual development?
7-11 years
At what age would you be in Piaget’s formal operational stage of intellectual development?
11+
What does ‘abstract logical thinking’ mean?
the ability to solve problems using imagination without having to be involved practically.
what does ‘egocentric thinking’ mean?
not being able to see a situation from another person’s point of view
What does ‘concrete logical tihnking’ mean?
the ability to solve problems when you can physically see or handle the problem
Describe Piaget’s Sensorimotor stage of cognitive development
infants think by interacting with the world using their senses e.g. touching, tasting, smelling, listening to objects to discover what they are and what you can do with them
Describe Piaget’s preoperational stage of cognitive development
Children use symbols to represent their sensorimotor discoveries. They can’t understand ideas of how number, mass and volume work. e.g. they can count to 10, but would think if a line of 10 coins is more spread out there are more of them as the line is longer
Describe Piaget’s Concrete Operational stage of cognitive development
children’s reasoning becomes logical, so long as they can see information, they will struggle to picture information in their mind. e.g. if told Jessica is taller than JO, but smaller than Sally, they will find it hard to tell who’s the tallest, but if they saw pictures of them they would be able to tell
Describe Piaget’s Formal operational stage of cognitive development
When adolescents have the capacity for abstract thinking, so they can reason theough symbols that don’t refer to objects in the real world e.g. being able to maths equations in their head, or predicting outcomes of a science experiement before seeing it.
What is a Schema?
a category of knowledge and how we acquire it
Outline some of the criticisms of Piaget’s model of cognitive development
He based his theory on observations of small numbers of children
the ages/stages may be more fluid
He doesn’t take into account how children can progress to higher levels of thinking with adult support
Some children take a lot longer than 11 years to become skilled at abstract logical thinking
What is an LAD?
Language Acquisition Device
OUtline Chomsky’s model of language acquisition
Chomsky believed we are born with an LAD, where we are genetically programmed to develop language, we don’t need to be trained in order to be able to speak
Outline some of the criticisms of Chomsky’s model
lack of scientific evidence
Social interaction is critical in language develpment and has far more influence than Chomsky suggested
Chomsky put too much emphasis on gramar rather than meaning of sentences
He didn’t take into account children who have a learning disability or hearing or speech impairment
Give some examples of how an early and middle adult may develop intellectually
University, starting a new job, they will learn new information or new skills.
Adults are likely to have jobs where they have to problem solve, make decisions and think logically to find answers, which will help new brain cells develop
What happens to your memory in later adulthood?
memory loss is associated with ageing
If you don’t use your brain as much, like a muscle, it will slow down and may take longer to learn and recall information
Fiona is 45 years old, which life stage is she in?
early adulthood
Sam is 17, which life stage is he in?
adolescence
Toby is 3, which life stage is he in?
early childhood
Deborah is 68, what life stage is she in?
older adulthood
Steve is 46, which life stage is he in?
middle adulthood
Shane is 64, which life stage is he in?
middle adulthood
Susie is 1 1/2 years old, which stage of cognitive development would Piaget class her as?
Sensorimotor
Ben is 13, which stage of Piaget’s model of cognitive development would he be in?
Formal operational stage
Jemma is 5, which of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development would she be in?
Preoperational
Jo is in the concrete operational stage of Piaget’s development, how old could she be?
7 - 11 years
What is emotional development?
the way an individual develops their feelings and values themselves
What is emotional literacy?
the ability to recognise, understand and express emotions
What is empathy?
the abiltiy to identify with or understand another’s situation or feelings
What is an attachment?
a strong emotional connection between a child and caregive
What is deprivation?
when an infant is deprived of a caregiver to whom an attachment already exists (they no longer see them, which could happen if they die, or are in hospital)
What is privation?
where you don’t have the opportunity to form an attachment
What is separation anxiety?
the fear and apprehension that infants experience when separated from their primary care giver
What is self-image?
the way an individual sees themselves
What is self-esteem?
How a person feels about themselves
How will haing a secure attachment with their main caregiver affect an infant?
they’ll feel happy, secure, loved, confident and have a sense of belonging.
What factors can lead to attachments secure attachments not being made?
disability, prematurity, pre-natal post-natal depression, emotional unavailability, foster-care/adoption, separation
What is an insecure attachment?
When there is a lack of a healthy attachment
What issues could arise in an infant who hasn’t been able to form a secure attachment?
they may mistrust caregivers, or adults in authority, they may have behavioural issues, a lack of ability to receive affection, or show manipulative behaviour. They may struggle to cope with life events
Identify Bowlby’s 4 stages of attachment
Pre-attachment (newborn - 6 weeks
Attachment in making (6 weeks - 6-8months)
clear cut atachment (6months - 2 years)
formation of reciprocal relationship (2yrs+)
Identify Ainsworth’s 3 types of attachment
Secure
Resistant
Avoidant
According to Ainsworth, how would an infant with a secure attachment behave with the following:
- separation anxiety
- stranger anxiety
- reunion behaviour
separation anxiety - distressed when mother leaves
Stranger anxiety - avoidant of stranger when alone, but friendly when the mother is present
reunion behaviour - positive and happy when mother returns
According to Ainsworth, how would an infant with a resistant attachment behave with the following:
- separation anxiety
- stranger anxiety
- reunion behaviour
separation anxiety - intense distress when the mother leaves
stranger anxiety - avoids the stranger, shows fear of them
reunion behaviour - approaches the mother, but resists contact and may push her away
According to Ainsworth, how would an infant with an avoidant attachment behave with the following:
- separation anxiety
- stranger anxiety
- reunion behaviour
separation anxiety - no sign of distress when mother leaves
stranger anxiety - ok with strangers and plays normally around them
reunion beaviour - shows little interest when mother returns
Outline the emotional development through early childhood
children use imagination to understand social roles, and develop self-concept
how they develop relationships with family/teachers/friends can affect their self-confidence
How does emotional development change through adolescence?
they continue to develop a sense of self and self-concept
they need a clear understanding of their identity to feel secure with others and develop their self-esteem
What effects emotional development through early and middle adulthood?
self esteem is influenced by lifestyle, job, marital status
self-image is affected by personal appearance and how others see and treat you
you learn to cope with an emotional attatchment to a sexual partner
What effects emotional development in later adulthood?
you try to make sense of your life, if you have been successful and feel confident in where you have gone, you will be able to cope with changes more.
If you can’t make sense of your life you’re more lkely to experience emotional dispair.
What factors can affect the development of your self-esteem?
difficulties at school
stress at home
physical and emotional changes during puberty
concerns about body image
career development, personal achievements, stressful life events
What can affect the development of your self-image?
social interaction and influence of care givers
- positive comments cna lead to a positive self-image
- negative comments can lead to a negative self-image
- it can be distorted through media’s portrayal of the ‘ideal’ body
Name the 4 stages of play
solo play
parallel play
associative play
co-operative play
What age is solo play?
0-18 months
what age is parallel play?
18 months - 2 years
What age is associative play?
3-4 years
What age is co-operative play?
4 - 8 years
Describe solo play
where an infant plays alone with toys, they may repeat actions of adults
Describe parallel play
infants play alongside other children, with the same toys, but won’t interact together. e.g. building separate brick towers next to each other
Describe associative play
children begin to play with each other, showing some cooperation and reasoning skils to understand why and how. They play lts of pretend and fantasy games, taking on roles
Describe cooperative play
children begin to use simple rules in games, they play cooperatively towards a shared goal and take turns. But still doesn’t like to lose
Outline the social benefits of friendships
- help you cope with life events
- support you to maintain a healthy lifestyle
- help you avoid loneliness
- provide a sense of belonging, self-worth and self-confidence
- reduce stress and depression
- boost happiness
What’s the difference between a formal and an informal relationship?
formal - between colleagues, or teachers/students. They don’t involve emotional attachments, but are important to social development.
Informal relationships develop with families and significant people in your lives, building strong bonds based on trust and understanding.
How do infants develop social relationships?
2 months - smile at human faces 3 months - respond when adults talk 5 months - distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar people form attachments to caregivers start to play alongside others
How do social relationships develop through childhood?
they learn their social roles and behaviour within their family, so can explore relationships safely through play
the become more independent and form relationships based on a sense of mutual trust
friendships become more important
How do social relationships develop through adolescence?
your self-worth becomes more influenced by peers than family
you copy styles of dress, beliefs, values of friends and develop full independence from family, starting sexual relationships
How do social relationships develop thorugh adulthood?
they mature, as you form more intimate relationships leading to marriage and parenthood.
your friends may change and become smaller groups due to time pressures from work and family.
